非同步傳輸模式 (Asynchronous Transfer Mode; ATM) 網路已經被部署在傳輸骨幹網路上。ATM 可以用來傳送多種型態的網路資料，例如語音 (voice)、影像 (video)、與純資料 (data)。可用位元速率 (Available Bit Rate; ABR) 服務是ATM所提供之六種服務中的其中一種，目前它正被廣泛地研究中，尤其是它的封閉迴路回饋控制 (closed loop feedback control) 特性。ABR服務支援兩種連結型態: 單點傳輸 (或點對點傳送; unicast) 與多點傳輸 (或群體廣播; multicast)。此外，也具有三種多點傳輸 (multicast) 的連結型態: 單點對多點 (point-to-multipoint)、多點對單點 (multipoint-to-point)、以及多點對多點(multipoint-to-multipoint)。所謂多點通訊 (multipoint communication) 就是指在多個傳送端 (senders) 與多個接收端 (receivers) 之間執行資訊交換，進而形成了一個群體廣播群組 (multicast group)。目前群體廣播應用的例子包括了音訊與視訊會議 (audio and video conferencing)、隨選視訊 (video on demand)、遠端遙測 (tele-metering)、分散式遊戲 (distributed games)、與資料散佈應用 (data distribution)。
在本論文中，我們強調在ABR多點對單點的連結中，佇列與封包排程的管理 (queuing and packet scheduling management)。雖然目前已有多人針對ABR多點對單點連結中的所有ABR傳送端，提出了公平性定義 (fairness definitions)，但是，若傳送端的封包是變動長度時，仍會存在有許多的問題，尤其在佇列長度 (queue lengths)、排隊延遲 (queuing delays)、以及流通量 (throughputs) 等三方面。 例如，在合併交換器 (merged switches) 裡，若針對多點對單點連結中所使用之虛擬連結合併 (VC-merge) 方法的本質來看，當一個封包尚未被全部且完整地放入佇列中時，合併交換器是無法傳送此一封包的細胞串流 (cell-stream); 但若佇列中並沒有任何完整的封包存在時，此時合併交換器為求效率上的考量，將會強迫選擇一個不完整的封包 (incomplete packet) 來做直接貫通 (cut-through) 的傳送。因此，若此一交換器此時此刻從一個速度較慢的上游輸入分支中選擇了一個較長的封包來做cut-through 傳送，那麼此時這個合併交換器的輸出埠將會經歷嚴重的流通量震盪 (oscillations)。而且同時，ABR 輸出佇列 (ABR output queue) 也將會經常經歷了較長的佇列長度 (queue length)，還有ABR 細胞也同樣地將會經歷較長的排隊延遲。
在本論文中，我們提出了MWTF (最小等待時間優先; Minimum Waiting Time First) 機制，這個機制其架構上是獨立於任何目前現有且已提出的速率分配方法 (rate allocation schemes) 以及與其相互配合的公平性定義。MWTF利用了隨時提供每一個封包的長度給每個合併交換器之機制，來解決了上述中所提到一些問題點。因此，合併交換器中的封包排程器 (packet scheduler) 就可藉此來選擇出一個具最小等待時間的不完整封包來做 cut-through 傳送。模擬結果顯示了當運用了MWTF機制之後，合併交換器將得到較好的效率; 亦即，流通量將不再有嚴重的震盪，且會更加的平穩。此外，細胞 (cell) 在平均上，也經歷了較小且較平順的排隊延遲; 還有，合併交換器本身也將擁有較短的佇列長度，與較平滑的佇列長度變動值。

Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) network is being deployed in carrier backbone. ATM can transmit a wide variety of traffic, such as video, voice, and data. Available Bit Rate (ABR) service is one of six ATM services, which is now under intensive research for its closed loop feedback control feature. ABR service supports two types of connections: unicast and multicast. There are also three types of multicast connections: point-to-multipoint, multipoint-to-point, and multipoint-to-multipoint. Multipoint communication is the exchange of information among multiple senders and multiple receivers, forming a multicast group. Examples of multicast applications include audio and video conferencing, video on demand, tele-metering, distributed games, and data distribution applications.
In this dissertation, we focus on queuing and packet scheduling management for multipoint-to-point ABR connections. Although there are so many proposed fairness definitions for all ABR sources in a multipoint-to-point connection, there are still problems about queue lengths, queuing delays, and throughputs, when ABR sources are with variable-length packets. From the nature of VC-merge scheme on merged points in a multipoint-to-point connection, merged switches cannot transmit cell-stream of a packet out until the packet is completely and totally queued. If there is no complete packets queued, the switch can then choose an incomplete packet for cut-through forwarding for efficiency. Therefore, if the switch chooses a long packet from a branch that has smaller cell input rate, for cut-through forwarding, the throughput of output ports will experience severe oscillations. At the same time, ABR queue lengths will be also occupied with severe growth, and ABR cells will be experienced long queuing delays.
We proposed a scheme, named MWTF (Minimum Waiting Time First), which is architecture-independent of any rate allocation schemes and fairness definitions, to resolve the problems by providing length of each packet to merged switches. Thereby the scheduler can choose an appropriate incomplete packet for cut-through forwarding, by selecting the packet that has the smallest packet waiting time. Simulation results show that merged switch has good performances. Throughput will be no severe oscillations and will be getting smoother. Also cells have smaller and smoother queuing delays in average, and the switches have much smaller queue lengths and smoother variations.

Abstract....................iii
List of Tables..............vii
List of Figures.............viii
Chapter 1. Introduction.....1
1.1 Motivation..............3
1.2 Objectives..............6
1.3 Major Contributions of the Dissertation.........7
1.4 Organizations of the Dissertation...............7
Chapter 2. Background and Survey of Related Work....9
2.1 Fundamentals of ATM Networks....................9
2.1.1 ATM Network Architecture and Reference Model..9
2.1.2 ATM Cell Format...............................11
2.1.3 ATM Connections and Cell Switching............13
2.1.4 Using Ethernet in Existing ATM Networks.......15
2.2 ATM Service Categories and Their QoS and Traffic Parameters........16
2.3 ABR Service and Traffic Management..............20
2.3.1 ABR Flow Control..............................21
2.3.2 General Definition of Max-Min Fairness........27
2.3.3 Rate Allocation Schemes.......................29
2.4 ATM Multicasting................................36
2.4.1 Multipoint-to-Point ABR Connections...........46
2.4.2 Packet Scheduler for Per-Flow Queuing Processing...49
2.4.3 Fairness Definitions of Multipoint-to-Point ABR Connections.......53
Chapter 3. Problem Statement and Methodology........59
3.1 Problem Statement...............................59
3.2 Proposed Scheme.................................63
3.2.1 Transmission of Packet Length.................63
3.2.2 Output Subsystem..............................66
3.2.3 Queuing Subsystem.............................70
3.2.4 Packet Scheduling Subsystem...................73
Chapter 4. Error Recovery...........................77
4.1 Recovery From Lost Data Cells...................77
4.2 Recovery From Lost EoP Cells....................79
4.3 Recovery From Lost FRM cells containing the length information.......82
Chapter 5. Simulation Results and Analysis..........90
5.1 Simulation Environment..........................90
5.2 Performance Analysis............................93
Chapter 6. Conclusions and Future Works.............103
6.1 Conclusions.....................................103
6.2 Future Works....................................104
References..........................................106

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