由於在農村地區公共下水道系統污水接管率較低，在台灣超過20%的主要河川受到來自生活、工業及農業等廢水輕度到重度的污染。因此，建造或改造的濕地已被作為主要淨化污染河川的方法。人工濕地也適用於當作廢水處理廠二級放流水之第三段污水處理系統，以水回收利用之標準，並達到降低營運成本的目標。本研究場址高屏溪舊鐵橋人工濕地(Kaoping River Rail Bridge Constructed Wetland)曾為臺灣最大的人工濕地。是屬於一個多功能用途的人工濕地，主要是將受污染之渠道排水及造紙廠二級放流水，處理淨化後注入高屏溪。雖然人工濕地作為廢(污)水淨化為可行的處理技術，但濕地中底泥通常是匯集許多的有機物和金屬，影響水質處理效益。本研究對人工濕地中水質、底泥和大型水生植物進行定期的採樣分析，藉以瞭解人工濕地整體環境現況，並評估人工濕地水質淨化效益。
由定期的調查監測(由2007年至2009年)結果顯示，人工濕地系統移除超過97%的總大腸菌群(total coliform groups, TC)、55%的生化需氧量(biochemical oxygen demand, BOD)、30%的營養鹽[例如，總氮(total nitrogen, TN)，總磷(total phosphorus, TP)]。然而，從底泥的分析結果顯示，人工濕地底泥中含有高濃度的重金屬(如銅，鐵，鋅，鉻，錳)，有機質含量[底泥需氧量(sediment oxygen demand, SOD) = 1.77.6 g O2/m2day]，以及營養鹽(高達18.7 g N/kg的氮和1.22 g P/kg的磷)。因此，底泥應該定期進行挖掘，以防止污染物釋放到濕地系統和濕地造成水質惡化。在聚合酶鏈反應(polymerase chain reaction, PCR)，變性梯度凝膠電泳(denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis, DGGE)和核苷酸序列分析(nucleotide sequence analysis)結果發現，在濕地系統中微生物菌相(microbial diversities)有增加的趨勢。從DGGE分析結果顯示，所有底泥樣本含有大量可能有助於去除碳與氮之微生物菌種(microbial ribospecies)。通過人工濕地的自然衰減機制，大腸桿菌順著濕地系統的流動逐漸減少。因子分析能將研究場址17項水質項目簡化為4至6個主因子，可分為氮營養鹽因子、磷營養鹽因子、優養化因子、有機物因子及環境背景因子等，由因子分析結果可看出影響濕地之主要因子為氮磷營養鹽因子及優養化因子。以集群分析發現本研究場址測站可分為2至3個集群，主要是以進出流測站分屬不同集群，此外，將各測站歷年監測數據進行分析，發現各池檢測項目之分群結果與各測站以因子分析之主因子組成成分相近。最後透過時間序列分析(ARIMA)建立濕地A、B系統出流水中指標污染物濃度趨勢模式，以B7池整體結果較佳。本研究由濕地水質處理效益目標擬定操作管理維護的模式，將定期監測結果透過多變量分析進行剖析，獲得各項水質特性、處理效率及時空變異等資訊，藉以評估人工濕地目前操作維護條件是否達成設定的水質處理目標。若無法符合預期目標，亦可藉由各項分析結果及目前操作條件，歸納推測出可能之因素或機制，並參考過去操作之經驗與相關文獻提出改善策略方案，藉由不斷修正改善策略之執行以達到水質處理目標。最後，以ARIMA模式模擬未來水質變動趨勢，作為預先管理及操作維護之參考。
由研究結果可知，濕地系統具有顯著水質改善的效益，並在注入下游水體前能有效消除社區排水系統中大部分的污染物。本研究人工濕地場址其他環境效益包括以下內容：提供更多的河畔綠化面積，為大眾提供更多的親水生態池塘與生態公園，恢復自然生態系統。高屏溪舊鐵橋人工濕地已在台灣成為一個最成功的多功\能型人工濕地。從本研究獲得的經驗將有助於類似自然河川水質改善和廢水處理的處理型濕地系統之設計。

In Taiwan, more than 20% of the major rivers are mildly to heavily pollute by domestic, industrial, and agricultural wastewaters due to the low hook-up rate of public underground sewerage systems in rural areas. Thus, constructed or engineered wetlands have been adopted as the major alternatives to cleanup polluted rivers. Constructed wetlands are also applied as the tertiary wastewater treatment systems to polish the secondary wastewater effluents to meet water reuse standards with lower operational costs. The studied Kaoping River Rail Bridge Constructed Wetland (KRRBCW) is the largest constructed wetland in Taiwan. It is a multi-function wetland and is used for polluted creek water purification and secondary wastewater polishment before they discharge into the Kaoping River. Although constructed wetlands are feasible for contaminated water treatment, wetland sediments are usually the sinks of organics and metals. In this study, water, sediment and macrophytes samples were collected from the major wetland basins in KRRBCW.
The quarterly investigation (from 2007 to 2009) results show that more than 97% of total coliforms (TC), 55% of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), and 30% of nutrients [e.g., total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP)] were removed via the constructed wetland system. However, results from the sediment analyses show that wetland sediments contained high concentrations of metals (e.g., Cu, Fe, Zn, Cr, and Mn), organic contents (sediment oxygen demand = 1.7 to 7.6 g O2/m2-d), and nutrients (up to 18.7 g/kg of TN and 1.22 g/kg of TP). Thus, sediments should be excavated periodically to prevent the release the pollutants into the wetland system and causing the deterioration of wetland water quality. Results of polymerase chain reaction (PCR), denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE), and nucleotide sequence analysis reveal that an increase in microbial diversities in the wetland systems was observed. Results from the DGGE analysis indicate that all sediment samples contained significant amounts of microbial ribospecies, which might contribute to the carbon degradation and nitrogen removal. Gradually disappearing of E. coli was also observed along the flow courses through the natural attenuation mechanisms. The factor analysis of SPSS 12.0 shows that 17 water-quality items of the study site could obtain four to six principal components, including nitrate factor, phosphorus factor, eutrophication factor, organic factor, and environmental background factor, the major influencing components are nutrition factor and eutrophication factor. The ponds of the study site were classified into two or three clusters depend on in-and-out flow location. This study attempted to establish a forecasting model of wetland pollutants concentration through the time series (ARIMA), results show that the outcome of the B7 pond was better than others. Results indicate that the ARIMA model can be used to simulate the trend of treatment efficiency using the wetland system. Experience and results obtained from this study would provide solutions for water quality control.
Thus, the wetland system has a significant effect on water quality improvement and is capable of removing most of the pollutants from the local drainage system before they are discharged into the downgradient water body. Other accomplishments of this constructed wetland system include the following: providing more green areas along the riversides, offering more water assessable eco-ponds and eco-gardens for public, and rORPabilitating the natural ecosystem. The Kaoping River Rail Bridge Constructed Wetland has become one of the most successful multi-function constructed wetlands in Taiwan. The experience obtained from this study will be helpful in designing similar natural treatment systems for river water quality improvement and wastewater treatment.

誌謝 i
摘要 iii
Abstract v
目錄 vii
表目錄 x
圖目錄 xii
符(代)號說明 xv
第一章、前言 1
1.1 研究緣起 1
1.2 研究場址地點 2
1.3 研究目的 3
第二章、文獻回顧 5
2.1 人工濕地簡介 5
2.1.1 濕地概論 5
2.1.2 人工濕地背景 10
2.1.3 人工濕地的類型 11
2.1.4 人工濕地系統介紹 13
2.1.5 水質淨化機制 18
2.1.6 人工濕地應用 23
2.2 人工濕地之底泥 26
2.2.1 底泥定義 26
2.2.2 底泥污染的意義 27
2.3 人工濕地之微生物 29
2.3.1 人工濕地中微生物扮演角色 29
2.3.2 運用生物化學及分子生物技術監測環境微生物 32
2.4 人工濕地之水生植物 36
2.4.1 濕地植物扮演的角色 36
2.4.2 水生植物的去除機制 37
2.4.3 濕地植物對氮、磷去除的影響 38
2.5 人工濕地之操作管理維護 40
2.5.1 操作管理原則 40
2.5.2 綠色永續經營改念 42
2.6 運用統計分析評估濕地水質現況 43
2.6.1 多變量統計分析應用於環境科學領域之研究 44
2.6.2 多變量統計分析應用於濕地之研究 47
2.6.3 時間序列方法 49
第三章、工作內容與方法 51
3.1 研究場址簡介 52
3.1.1 人工濕地背景 52
3.1.2 場址水文 52
3.1.3 場址植物 55
3.2 現場環境調查與監測 56
3.2.1 水文量測及水質監測 56
3.2.2 底泥採樣分析 58
3.2.3 底泥菌相採樣鑑定 61
3.2.4 水生植物調查與採樣分析 65
3.3 八八風災後場址變遷環境調查 67
3.3.1 環境景觀變遷 67
3.3.2 生態棲地調查 68
3.4 多變量統計分析方法 70
3.4.1 因子分析法 70
3.4.2 集群分析及判別分析法 73
3.4.3 時間序列分析方法 76
第四章、結果與討論 81
4.1 水文與水質分析及水質淨化效益評估 81
4.1.1 水文量測結果 81
4.1.2 水質監測結果 85
4.1.3 水質淨化效益探討 103
4.1.4 人工濕地優養化程度評估 113
4.2 底泥物化特性分析及探討 121
4.2.1 底泥特性分析結果 121
4.2.2 底泥中重金屬 127
4.3 底泥微生物菌相分析與鑑 131
4.3.1 底泥中菌相差異分析 131
4.3.2 底泥菌種定序 138
4.3.3濕地水質與底泥菌相之探討 141
4.4 水生植物調查分析及探討 145
4.4.1 水生植物調查結果 145
4.3.2 水生植物含量分析結果 150
4.4.3 藻類調查分析 156
4. 5 運用統計分析方法評估人工濕地水質 158
4.5.1 因子分析 158
4.5.2 集群及判別分析 168
4.5.3 時間序列 176
4.5.4應用統計分析於濕地管理模式 183
4.6 人工濕地消失後對生態環境之影響 185
4.6.1 濕地場址歷年環境變遷情形 185
4.6.2 濕地消失後對生態之影響 196
4.6.3 人工濕地的建置對當地之其他影響 204
第五章、結論與建議 205
5.1 結論 205
5.2 建議 210
參考文獻 212
附錄一、原始數據
附錄二、多變量統計分析操作設定
個人簡歷

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