摘 要
亞洲為全球宗教祭祀活動最為頻繁之區域，祭祀活動過程中燃燒大量拜香及金紙，導致大量有害空氣污染物排放至大氣。然而，台灣地區過去研究多半著重於寺廟祭祀活動焚燒拜香與金紙燃燒所排放之氣狀與粒狀法規污染物之量測、重金屬與多環芳香烴(PAHs)成份分析及室內空氣品質之探討，對於環境中含汞污染物之量測則付之闕如。
目前行政院環保署環境檢驗所公告之大氣汞(total atmospheric mercury；TAM)檢測標準方法(NIEA A304.10C)，其檢測對象為大氣中總氣態汞(total gaseous mercury；TGM)及顆粒態汞(particulate mercury；Hgp)，然而針對反應性氣態汞(reactive gaseous mercury；RGM)之檢測，則至今尚未公告標準方法。有鑑於此，本研究參考過去文獻中的擴散管吸附法，研發RGM採樣及分析方法，並將此方法與現有已公告之總氣態汞(TGM)及顆粒態汞(Hgp)檢測標準方法結合成完整的大氣汞(TAM)採樣系統，應用於寺廟室內外環境非尖峰日及尖峰日大氣汞濃度之量測，藉以瞭解寺廟祭祀行為對於室內外環境中含汞污染物濃度之影響。此外，本研究選擇市售沉香、檀香、傳統金紙及環保金紙，在自製燃燒室中進行焚燒實驗，藉以量測焚燒拜香及金紙所排放廢氣中含汞污染物濃度及含汞懸浮微粒(Hgp)粒徑分佈，並推估不同型態大氣汞之排放係數，再利用統計資料估算2011年台灣地區焚燒拜香及金紙所排放含汞污染物之總排放量。
本研究參考過去文獻研發RGM採樣及分析方法，經過RGM擴散管之空白測試、穿透率實驗及環境量測平行比對實驗之驗證顯示，RGM擴散管空白濃度介於過去文獻研究空白值3-4 pg/m3之間，且擴散管穿透率實驗及環境中平行比對實驗之濃度差異百分比，皆未超過5%之品質管制範圍，此結果說明本研究研發之RGM採樣及分析方法具有良好的可靠性。
本研究於寺廟非尖峰日及尖峰日室內外環境祭祀行為(焚燒拜香及金紙)所排放含汞污染物型態及濃度進行實場量測得知，非尖峰日室內及室外環境中TAM濃度分別為11.33 ng/m3及6.41 ng/m3；而尖峰日室內及室外環境中TAM濃度則分別為20.98 ng/m3及17.93 ng/m3。整體而言，寺廟祭祀行為焚燒拜香及金紙對於環境中TAM濃度有顯著影響，且會隨著祭祀行為強度增強而導致空氣中TAM濃度呈明顯上升趨勢。
就燃燒室焚燒拜香及金紙量測結果而言，焚燒沉香、檀香、傳統金紙及環保金紙所排放廢氣中TGM濃度分別為460.93、662.42、11623.10及4065.12 ng/m3；而Hgp濃度則分別為95.91、135.07、52.20及18.03 ng/m3。整體而言，焚燒金紙所排放廢氣中TGM濃度約為拜香之13.97倍，但Hgp濃度則為焚燒拜香較高於金紙約3.29倍。此外，焚燒拜香及金紙所排放廢氣中Hgp粒徑分佈皆以細微粒為主，焚燒拜香之Hgp呈現多峰分佈；而焚燒金紙則呈現雙峰分佈。本研究量測焚燒沉香、檀香、傳統金紙及環保金紙所排放廢氣中TGM排放係數分別為8.63、12.16、11.28及4.02 ng/g；而Hgp排放係數則分別為1.15、1.66、1.88及0.65 ng/g。此外，2011年台灣地區沉香及檀香之使用量總和為649,444 ton/yr，而金紙使用量為364,488 ton/yr；利用本研究所量測焚燒傳統金紙TAM排放係數加以計算，推估2011年焚燒沉香及檀香所排放TAM總排放量約為7.56 kg/yr；而焚燒金紙所排放TAM總排放量約為3.87 kg/yr。

ABSTRACT
Asia has the highest worship activities in the world, which burns huge amount of incenses and joss paper and emits hazardous air pollutants to the atmosphere. However, previous researches in Taiwan focused mostly on measuring the criteria air pollutants and heavy metals emitted from burning incense and joss paper during the temple worship activities, analyzing the speciation and concentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and discussing on their influences on indoor air quality, yet neglected the survey of mercury pollutants in the temple.
Recently, Environmental Analysis Laboratory of Taiwan EPA promulgated a standard method of total atmospheric mercury (TAM) - NIEA A304.10C, including total gaseous mercury (TGM) and particulate mercury (Hgp), but the standard method of reactive gaseous mercury (RGM) has not yet been officially established so far. Accordingly, this study tended to develop the RGM sampling and analysis methods based on the reference of KCl-coated annular denuder reported by previous literature, and this method was further coupled with the existing announced standard method of TGM and Hgp to establish an entire sampling system of TAM. This system was then applied to measure indoor and outdoor mercury concentration in a Taiwanese temple in peak and non-peak worship days in order to understand the influence of mercury pollutants to the indoor and outdoor mercury concentration. In addition, agarwood and sandalwood incense as well as traditional and Eco joss paper were chosen for conducting the burning experiments in a self-constructed combustion chamber to measure the concentration of mercury pollutants exhausted from the burning of incense and joss paper, to detect the size distribution of Hgp, and to determine the emission factors of different mercury, and to further estimate the total amount of mercury pollutants emitted from the burning of incense and joss paper in Taiwan in 2011.
This study developed a RGM sampling method by referring to previous ltterature. Through the RGM denuder blank test, the breakthrough test, and the parallel comparison test of field measurements, it was proved that the blank values of RGM denuder blank test were in the rang of 3-4 pg/m3, concurring with previous literature. Besides, the relative percentage difference (RPP) for denuder breakthrough test and parallel comparison test were both within 5% of the quality control criteria. The results showed that the RGM sampling and analytical method was in a good reliability.
Through an on-site measurement on the types and concentration of mercury pollutants exhausted from worship activities (burning incense and joss paper) in indoor and outdoor environments of a Taiwanese temple in the non-peak and peak worship days, this study found that, in non-peak worship days, the average TAM concentration was 11.33 and 6.41 ng/m3 in indoor and outdoor environments, respectively while in the peak worship days, the average TAM concentration was 20.98 and 17.93 ng/m3 in indoor and outdoor environments. Overall, the temple worship activities had significant influences on ambient TAM concentration, and the stronger intensity of worship activities caused the higher concentration of TAM in the air.
According to the measurement of mercury pollutants of incense and joss paper burning in the combustion chamber, the TGM concentrations in the exhaust gas were 460.93 ng/m3 for agarwood incense burning, 662.42 ng/m3 for sandalwood incense burning, 11623.10 ng/m3 for traditional joss paper burning, and 4065.12 ng/m3 for Eco joss paper burning; while the Hgp concentrations were 95.91 ng/m3 for agarwood incense burning, 135.07 ng/m3 for sandalwood incense burning, 52.20 ng/m3 for traditional joss paper burning, and 18.03 ng/m3 for Eco joss paper burning. Overall, the TGM concentration in the exhaust gas of burning joss paper was about 13.97 times of that burning incense, but the Hgp concentration in the exhaust gas of burning joss paper was about 3.29 times of that burning incense.
Furthermore, the size distribution of Hgp emitted from burning incense and joss paper was mainly fine particles. Hgp was multi-modal distribution of incensing, but bi-modal distribution of joss paper burning. In this study, the emission factors of TGM were 8.63 ng/g for agarwood incense burning, 12.16 ng/g for sandalwood incense burning, 11.28 ng/g for traditional joss paper burning, and 4.02 ng/g for Eco joss paper burning; while the emission factors of Hgp were 1.15 ng/g for agarwood incense burning, 1.66 ng/g for sandalwood incense burning, 1.88 ng/g for traditional joss paper burning, and 0.65 ng/g for Eco joss paper burning. In Taiwan, the total amount of consumed incense (agarwood and sandalwood) and joss paper in 2011 were 649,444 and 364,488 ton/yr, respectively. In addition, using the emission factor of traditional joss paper burning, the total amount of TAM emission of burning incense (agarwood and sandalwood) and joss paper in 2011 were estimated to be 7.56 and 3.87 kg/yr, respectively.

目 錄
頁次
謝誌………………………………………………………………….. I
中文摘要…………………………………………………………….. Ⅲ
英文摘要…………………………………………………………….. V

目錄………………………………………………………………….. VIII

表目錄……………………………………………………………….. XI

圖目錄……………………………………………………………….. XIII

第一章　前言……………………………………………………….. 1-1
1-1 研究緣起…………………………………………………… 1-1
1-2 研究目的…………………………………………………… 1-2
1-3 研究範圍與架構…………………………………………… 1-3
第二章　文獻回顧………………………………………………….. 2-1
2-1汞的特性……….……………….…………………………… 2-1
2-1-1 汞的基本特性…………………………………………. 2-1
2-1-2 汞的物化性質…………………………………………. 2-1
2-1-3 大氣汞的分類及組成特徵……………………………. 2-2
2-2 汞的健康風險……………………………………………… 2-3
2-2-1 汞的危害標準………………………………………… 2-3
2-2-2 汞的毒性與危害性……………………………………. 2-4
2-2-3 汞的吸入暴露風險參考指標…………………………. 2-5
2-3 汞的來源、轉化及循環…………………………………….. 2-9
2-3-1 汞的來源………………………………………………. 2-9
2-3-2 汞的循環及轉化………………………………………. 2-11
2-4 大氣汞量測方法…………………………………………… 2-14
2-4-1大氣汞量測技術演進………………………………….. 2-14
2-4-2不同型態大氣汞採樣及分析方法…………………….. 2-15
2-5 寺廟祭祀活動對於空氣品質的影響……………………… 2-18
2-6 拜香及金紙的種類………………………………………… 2-22
2-6-1 拜香的種類……………………………..………..……. 2-22
2-6-2 金紙的種類……………………………………………. 2-24
2-6-3 拜香及金紙焚燒排放的空氣污染物………………... 2-25
2-7 空氣污染物排放量推估…………………………………… 2-27
第三章　研究方法…………………………………………………. 3-1
3-1 大氣汞採樣規劃…………………………………………… 3-1
3-1-1 採樣地點規劃…………………………………………. 3-1
3-1-2 採樣時間規劃…………………………………………. 3-1
3-2 大氣汞量測方法及步驟…………………………………… 3-3
3-2-1TGM量測步驟………………………...……………….. 3-3
3-2-2 Hgp量測步驟………..…………………………………. 3-6
3-2-3 RGM量測步驟..………..……………………………… 3-7
3-3 大氣汞分析方法及步驟…………………………………… 3-10
3-3-1 TGM分析方法及步驟………………………………… 3-10
3-3-2 Hgp分析方法及步驟……..……………………………. 3-12
3-3-3 RGM分析方法及步驟………………………………… 3-15
3-4 大氣汞採樣及分析之品保與品管(QA/QC)………………. 3-16
3-5 冷蒸氣原子螢光光譜儀(CVAFS)………………………… 3-18
3-6氣態元素汞連續監測儀(Continuous GEM Monitoring Instrument) ………………………………………………...
3-19
3-7 微孔均勻沈降衝擊器……………………………………… 3-23
3-8 大氣汞排放係數量測……………………………………… 3-23
第四章　結果與討論……………………………………………….. 4-1
4-1 RGM採樣分析方法驗證與測試…………………………… 4-1
4-1-1 RGM擴散管空白測試...………………………………. 4-1
4-1-2 RGM擴散管環境量測穿透率實驗………...…………. 4-3
4-1-3 RGM擴散管環境量測平行比對實驗…...……………. 4-3
4-2 寺廟大氣汞濃度流佈及組成分析探討…………………… 4-3
4-2-1寺廟大氣汞非尖峰日晝夜濃度分佈………………….. 4-6
4-2-2寺廟大氣汞尖峰日晝夜濃度分佈…………………….. 4-6
4-2-3 寺廟非尖峰日及尖峰日大氣汞組成探討……………. 4-8
4-2-4 室內環境氣態汞小時濃度變化趨勢…………………. 4-10
4-3 焚燒拜香及金紙之顆粒態汞粒徑分佈…………………… 4-13
4-3-1 焚燒拜香之顆粒態汞粒徑分佈………………………. 4-13
4-3-2 焚燒金紙之顆粒態汞粒徑分佈………………………. 4-17
4-4 焚燒拜香及金紙之氣態汞及顆粒態汞排放係數量測…… 4-20
4-4-1 焚燒拜香之含汞污染物排放係數量測………………. 4-20
4-4-2 焚燒金紙之含汞污染物排放係數量測………………. 4-22
4-5 焚燒拜香及金紙含汞污染物年排放量推估……………… 4-24
4-6 寺廟大氣汞濃度之相關性分析及相關大氣汞研究比較… 4-27
4-6-1 寺廟室外環境大氣汞濃度、氣象參數及空氣污染物之相關性……………………………………………….
4-27
4-6-2 寺廟祭祀活動與工業污染源周界大氣汞濃度比較…. 4-29
4-6-3寺廟祭祀活動與高雄市敏感點大氣汞濃度比較……. 4-29
4-6-4 焚燒拜香及金紙汞排放量與工業污染源比較………. 4-31
第五章 結論與建議………………………………………………… 5-1
5-1 結論……………………………………………………….. 5-1
5-2 建議……………………………………………………….. 5-3
參考文獻……………………………………………………………. R-1
附錄A 分析方法之品保品管…………………………………….. A-1







表目錄
頁次
表 2-1 汞及其化合物之基本物理性質……..…………………….. 2-2
表 2-2 汞長期吸入暴露風險參考濃度彙整表..………………….. 2-6
表 2-3 高屏3座寺廟室內外各粒徑懸浮微粒之監測濃度………. 2-23
表 2-4 台灣製拜香及大陸製拜香特性比較表…………………… 2-25
表 2-5 三種不同材質金紙之基本特性…………………………… 2-26
表 3-1 寺廟大氣汞採樣時間規劃表……………………………… 3-3
表 3-2 總氣態汞檢量線製備濃度及差異百分比………………… 3-21
表 3-3 顆粒態汞檢量線製備濃度及差異百分比………………… 3-21
表 4 1 不同RGM採樣方法之優缺點比較表…………………….. 4-2
表 4 2 反應性氣態汞吸附擴散管空白測試結果彙整表………… 4-2
表 4 3 反應性氣態汞擴散管穿透率測試結果彙整表…………… 4-4
表 4 4 反應性氣態汞擴散管平行比對濃度及差異百分比彙整表…………………………………………………………...
4-5
表 4 5 寺廟室內外環境非尖峰日大氣汞濃度彙整表…………… 4-7
表 4 6 寺廟室內外環境尖峰日大氣汞濃度彙整表……………… 4-7
表 4 7 兩種不同條件之大氣汞組成比例彙整表………………… 4-9
表 4 8 沉香焚燒廢氣中Hgp粒徑濃度彙整表……………………. 4-15
表 4 9 檀香焚燒廢氣中Hgp粒徑濃度彙整表………………….… 4-16
表 4 10 傳統金紙焚燒廢氣中Hgp粒徑濃度彙整表……………... 4-18
表 4 11 環保金紙焚燒廢氣中Hgp粒徑濃度彙整表……………... 4-19
表 4 12 焚燒拜香及金紙排放氣態汞(TGM)與顆粒態汞(Hgp)濃度及排放係數彙整表……………………………………..
4-21
表 4-13 台灣地區2005-2011年金紙製造、進口統計數量……….. 4-26
表 4 14 寺廟祭祀活動室外環境大氣汞濃度、氣象參數及其他空氣污染物相關係數彙整表………………………………..
4-28
表 4 15 高雄市工業污染源周界大氣汞濃度彙整表…………….. 4-30
表 4 16 高雄市六處敏感點大氣汞平均濃度彙整表.....…………. 4-31
表 4 17 高雄市產業汞排放量彙整表………………………...…... 4-32
表 A-1 總氣態汞檢量線製備……………………….…………….. A-2
表 A-2 總氣態汞分析QA/QC查核表…………………………….. A-2
表 A-3 顆粒態汞檢量線製備...……………………….…………... A-3
表 A-4 顆粒態汞分析QA/QC查核表…………………………….. A-3











圖目錄
頁次
圖 1-1 1990-2005年全球六大洲含汞污染物排放量趨勢………... 1-2
圖 1-2 寺廟祭祀活動排放含汞污染物之研究架構及流程……… 1-4
圖 2-1 煤料燃燒過程中汞之反應路徑及產物………….………... 2-10
圖 2-2 自然排放源及人為污染源之汞循環過程……..………..… 2-10
圖 2-3 環境中不同類型汞及其化合物相互轉化及循環機制圖... 2-13
圖 2-4 鹽水蜂炮施放期間空氣污染物濃度逐時變化…………… 2-21
圖 3-1 高雄市梓官區中崙城隍廟位置圖………………………… 3-2
圖 3-2 寺廟室內外環境採樣點分佈圖…………………………… 3-2
圖 3-3 大氣汞(含TGM及Hgp)同步採樣裝置示意圖……………. 3-4
圖 3-4 TGM採樣裝置使用之金汞齊管柱組裝示意圖……..…… 3-4
圖 3-5 RGM擴散管實體圖……..…………………………………. 3-8
圖 3-6 總氣態汞檢量線線性迴歸………………………………… 3-20
圖 3-7 顆粒態汞檢量線線性迴歸………………………………… 3-20
圖 3-8 冷蒸氣原子螢光光譜儀實體圖….………………………... 3-22
圖 3-9 Tekran 2537B總氣態汞連續監測儀實體圖………………. 3-22
圖 3-10 MOUDI階層分徑採樣示意圖…………………………… 3-24
圖 3-11 燃燒室實驗裝置示意圖……………..…………………… 3-25
圖 4 1 反應性氣態汞擴散管穿透率測試結果比較圖…………… 4-4
圖 4 2 反應性氣態汞擴散管平行比對結果比較圖……………… 4-5
圖 4 3 寺廟祭祀活動室內外環境非尖峰日與尖峰日三種含汞污染物型態濃度比較圖………………………………………
4-9
圖 4 4 大氣環境含汞污染物組成分佈圖…………………..…….. 4-11
圖 4 5 寺廟非尖峰日及尖峰日室內外環境不同型態大氣汞組成比例…………………………………………………………
4-11
圖 4 6 寺廟非尖峰日及尖峰日室內環境氣態汞濃度逐時變化趨勢圖………………………………………….……………...
4-12
圖 4 7 寺廟非尖峰日及尖峰日室內環境氣態汞濃度逐時變化趨勢比較圖…………………………………………………....
4-13
圖 4 8沉香焚燒廢氣中顆粒態汞(Hgp)粒徑分佈圖…...………… 4-15
圖 4 9檀香焚燒廢氣中顆粒態汞(Hgp)粒徑分佈圖…...………… 4-16
圖 4 10傳統金紙焚燒廢氣中顆粒態汞(Hgp)粒徑分佈圖………... 4-18
圖 4 11環保金紙焚燒廢氣中顆粒態汞(Hgp)粒徑分佈圖………. 4-19
圖 4 12沉香焚燒廢氣中氣態汞(TGM)濃度逐時變化趨勢圖…... 4-21
圖 4 13檀香焚燒廢氣中氣態汞(TGM)濃度逐時變化趨勢圖…... 4-23
圖 4 14傳統金紙焚燒廢氣中氣態汞(TGM)濃度逐時變化趨勢圖…………………………………………………………..
4-23
圖 4 15環保金紙焚燒廢氣中氣態汞(TGM)濃度逐時變化趨勢圖…………………………………………………………..
4-25
圖 4 16 寺廟室外環境與高雄市工業污染源周界大氣汞濃度比較圖………………………………………………………..
4-30
圖4-17寺廟室外環境與高雄市敏感點大氣汞濃度比較圖………………………………………………………….
4-32
圖 4 18 高雄市汞排放量分佈趨勢圖……………………….……. 4-33
圖 A-1 總氣態汞檢量線線性迴歸圖……………………………... A-2
圖 A-2 顆粒態汞檢量線線性迴歸圖……………………………... A-3

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