摘 要

本論文以黑色軟海綿（Halichondria okadai）為材料，從2000年6月至2002年2月進行其生殖及生態研究。黑色軟海綿分布在澎湖瓦硐的潮間帶地區，範圍在小潮時漲潮及退潮之潮間帶。根據研究結果顯示，海綿野外的生長隨著月份有不同生長速率的變化，變化從33.3%至-16.7%間。黑色軟海綿為雌雄異體的種類，生殖週期為每年的3~9月，而生殖的高峰則在6~8月，生殖週期應與當地的水溫變化有關。初期的卵在3月份可發現，到4月份時已有胚胎形成，胚胎的大小介於260到450微毫米（μm），胚胎的密度在2000年5月最高，可達每0.5公分立方的海綿組織有1331個，是目前所知海綿類中胚胎密度最高的一種。在野外黑色軟海綿的幼體顏色為白色，主要附著於珊瑚礁碎片或石塊底質的背面，幼體由白轉黑後變成一般所見到的黑色軟海綿成體體色。

Abstract

The distribution and reproductive cycle of the sponge Halichondria okadai were investigated at Peng-Hu from June, 2000 to February, 2002. The sponge population was mostly distributed in the midlittoral zone. The size of sponges increased or decreased in the range of 33.3% ~ -16.7%. The substrata were mainly composed by grains with sizes of 0.12~0.84 mm. The sponge is gonochorism. Early stage oocytes were found in March. Mature eggs and embryos were observed from April to September, with a peak period from June to August. The reproductive season extends from March through September which is correlated to annual changes of water temperature. The size of embryos ranged from 260 to 450μm and the density was up to 1331 per (0.5 cm)3 in May. To our knowledge, the embryo density is the highest one in the sponge group. Juveniles settled in the back side of rocks. When the juveniles moved to the rock surface, the color changed from white to black.

目 錄
章次...........................................頁次
摘要..............................................1
英文摘要..........................................2
壹、緒論..........................................3
貳、材料與方法....................................7
參、結果.........................................12
肆、討論.........................................19
參考文獻.........................................28
表...............................................39
圖...............................................43
附錄.............................................64
表目錄
表1：黑色軟海綿面積變化百分比表...................39
表2：海綿出入水口直徑比較表.......................40
表3：海綿生殖與溫度相關表.........................41
表4：210cm2以上黑色軟海綿數量表....................42
圖目錄
圖1：瓦硐實驗採樣區。..............................43
圖2：黑色軟海綿（Halichondria okadai）生態照......44
圖3：黑色軟海綿出水口直徑分布圖...................45
圖4：黑色軟海綿入水口直徑分布圖...................46
圖5：黑色軟海綿的骨針.............................47
圖6：黑色軟海綿在澎湖瓦硐潮間帶的分布圖...........48
圖7：黑色軟海綿在澎湖瓦硐潮間帶的覆蓋面積.........49
圖8：黑色軟海綿群體大小分布圖.....................50
圖9：黑色軟海綿野外生長圖.........................51
圖10：澎湖瓦硐潮間帶底質的顆粒組成重量百分比頻度圖。..............................................52
圖11：澎湖瓦硐水溫及鹽度變化圖....................53
圖12：黑色軟海綿的精細胞囊與精細胞................54
圖13：黑色軟海綿初期的卵細胞......................55
圖14：黑色軟海綿成熟的卵細胞......................56
圖15：黑色軟海綿的胚胎切片圖......................57
圖16：黑色軟海綿的生殖週期........................58
圖17：黑色軟海綿的胚胎............................59
圖18：黑色軟海綿月間胚胎密度變化圖................60
圖19：黑色軟海綿胚胎大小變化圖....................61
圖20：黑色軟海綿幼體..............................62
圖21：黑色軟海綿生殖與水溫變化圖..................63
附 錄
附表1：水質分析表..................................64
附表2：2001年全年侵襲台灣颱風一覽表..............65

參考文獻

張崑雄. 1985. 墾丁國家公園海域珊瑚礁及海洋生物生態研究調查報告. 墾丁國家公園管理處保育研究報告. 19: 304
陳勇輝. 1988. 澳洲球形海綿（Cinachyra australiensis （Carter）1886）芽體與成體型態之研究. 國立中山大學海洋生物研究所碩士論文.
任淑仙. 1995. 無脊椎動物學（上）. 淑馨出版社. 383 pp.
沈明來. 1995. 生物統計學入門. 眾光文化出版社. 412 pp.
奧谷喬司. 1994. 珊瑚礁的生物. 邯鄲出版社. 308 pp.
Amagata T., Usami Y., Minoura K., Ito T. and Numata A. 1998. Cytotoxic substances produced by a fungal strain from a sponge: physico-chemical properties and structures. Journal of Antibiotics. 51: 33-40
Ayling A. L. 1980. Patterns of sexuality, asexual reproduction and recruitment in some subtidal marine demospongiae. The Biological Bulletin. 158: 271-282
Barthel D. 1986. On the ecophysiology of the sponge Halichondria panacea in Kiel Bight. I. Substrate specificity, growth and reproduction. Marine Ecology Progress Series. 32: 291-298
Barthel D. 1995. Tissue composition of sponges from the Weddell Sea, Antarctica: not much meat on the bones. Marine Ecology Progress Series. 123: 149-153
Bergquist P. R. 1978. Sponges. University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles. 268 pp.
Boury-Esnault N., Efremova S. M., Bézac C. and Vacelet J. 1999. Reproduction of a hexactinellid sponge: first description of gastrulation by cellular delamination in the Porifera. Invertebrate Reproduction and Development. 35: 187-201
Campbell N. A. 1996. Biology. Fourth Edition. The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company, INC. pp.1206
Chen W. T. T. 1976. Reproduction and speciation in Halisarca. In: Harrison F. W. Cowden R. R. (eds) Aspects of sponge biology. Academic Press. New York. San Francisco. London. pp 113-139
Corriero G., Sarã M. and Vaccaro P. 1996. Sexual and asexual reproduction in two species of Tethya (Porifera: Demospongiae) from a Mediterranean coastal lagoon. Marine Biology. 126: 175-181
De Vos L., Rutzler K., Boury-Esnault N., Donadey C. and Vacelet J. 1991. Atlas of sponge morphology. Smithsonian Institution Press. 117 pp.
Elvin D. W. 1976. Seasonal growth and reproduction of an intertidal sponge, Haliclona permolis (Bowerbank). The Biological Bulletin. 151: 108-125
Fell P. E. 1969. The involvement of nurse cells in oogenesis and embryogenic development in the marine sponge Haliclona ecbasis. Journal of Morphology. 127: 133-150
Fell P. E. 1970. The natural history of Haliclona ecbasis de Laubenfels, a siliceous sponge of California. Pacific Science. 24: 381-386
Fell P. E. 1976. The reproduction of Haliclona loosanoffi and its apparent relationship to water temperature. The Biological Bulletin. 150: 200-210
Fell P. E. 1983. Porifera. Chapter 1. In: Adiyodi K. G. Adiyodi R. G. (eds) Reproductive biology of invertebrates. John Wiley and Sons Ltd. Chrchester. pp 1-29
Fell P. E. and Jacob W. F. 1979. Reproduction and development of Halichondria SP. in the Mystic estuary, Connecticut. The Biological Bulletin. 156: 62-75
Fincher J. A. 1940. The origin of the germ cells in Stylotella heliophila Wilson (Tetraxonida). Journal of Morphology. 67: 175-197
Fromont J. 1994. The reproductive biology of tropical species on Haplosclerida and Petrosida on the Great Barrier Reef. In: van Soest R. W. M. van Kempen T. M. G. Braekman J. C. (eds) Sponges in time and space (biology, chemistry, paleontology). Balkema. Rotterdam. pp 307-311
Fry W. G. 1971. The biology of larvae of Ophlitaspongia seriata from two North Wales populations. In: D. J. Crisp(ed.). Fourth European Marine Biology Symposium Cambridge University Press. pp. 155-178
Fry W. G. 1977. Taxonomy, the individual and the sponge. pp. 49-80. In Larwood G. and B. R. Rosen. 1979. (Eds), Systematics Association Special Volume No. 11: “Biology and Systematics of Colonial Organisms”. Academic Press London and New York.
Hartman W. D. 1969. New genera and species of coralline sponges (Porifera) from Jamaica. Postilla (Yale Univ.) 137: 1-39
Hartman W. D. 1982. Porifera. In: Parker S. P. (ed). Synopsis and Classification of Living Organisms. McGraw-Hill, New York, I: 640-666
Hartman W. D., Wendt J. W. and Wiedenmayer F. 1980. Living and fossil sponges. Comp. Sedimen. Lab., Univ. Miami, Sedimentia, VIII: 1-274
Humason G. L. 1976. Animal tissue techniques. Freeman W. H. and company. San Franciso. 661 pp.
Johnson M. F. 1978. Studies on the reproductive cycles of the calcareous sponges Clathrina coriacea and C. blanca. Marine Biology. 50: 73-79
Jones W. C. 1962. Is there a nervous system in sponges? Biological Reviews. 37: 1-50
Jones W. C. 1964. Photographic records of living oscular tubes of Leucosolenia variabilis. I. The Chanoderm boundary, the chanocytes and the pore arrangement. Journal of Marine Biology Association. U. K. 44: 67-85
Katz M. J. and Watson L. F. 1985. Intensifier for Bodian Staining of Tissue sections and cell cultures. Stain Technology 60: 81-87
Kawagishi H., Yamawaki M., Isobe S., Usui T., Kimura A. and Chiba S. 1994. Two lectins from the marine sponge Halichondria okadai. An N-acetyl-sugar-specific lectin (HOL-I) and an N-acetyllactosamine-specific lectin (HOL-II). The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 269: 1375-1379
Leys S. P. and Lauzon N. R. J. 1998. Hexactinellid sponge ecology: growth rates and seasonality in deep water sponges. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 230: 111-129
Mariani S., Uriz M.-J. and Turon X. 2000. Larval bloom of the oviparous sponge Cliona viridis: coupling of larval abundance and adult distribution. Marine Biology. 137: 783-790
Mercurio M., Corriero G., Liaci L. S. and Gaino E. 2000. Silica content and spicule size variations in Pellina semitubulosa (Porifera: Demospongiae). Marine Biology. 137: 87-92
Müller W. E. G., Batel R., Lacorn M., Steinhart H., Simat T., Lauenroth S., Hassanein H. and Schröder H. C. 1998. Accumulation of cadmium and zinc in the marine sponge Suberites domuncula and its potential consequences on single-strand breaks and on expression of heat-shock protein: a natural field study. Marine Ecology Progress Series. 167: 127-135
Ozaki H., Ishihara H., Kohama K., Nonomura Y., Shibata S. and Karaki H. 1987. Calcium-independent phosphorylation of smooth muscle myosin light chain by okadaic acid isolated from black sponge (Halichondria okadai). The Journal Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 243: 1167-1173
Parker G. H. 1910. The reactions of sponges, with a consideration of the origin of the neverous system. The Journal of Experimental Zoology. 8: 1-41
Pianka E. R. 1988. Evolutionary Ecology, 4th ed. Harper ＆ Row, New York.
Pourbaix N. 1933. Mecanisme de la nutrition chez les Spongillidae. Annual of Society Royal Zoology Belgian. 64: 11-20
Proteau P. J., Rossi J. V. and Gerwick W. H. 1994. Absolute stereochemistry of neohalicholactone from the brown alga Laminaria sinclairii. Journal of Natural Products. 57: 1717-1719
Rajesh D., Schell K. and Verma A. K. 1999. Ras mutation, irrespective of cell type and p53 status, determines a cell’s destiny to undergo apoptosis by okadaic acid, an inhibitor of protein phosphatase 1 and 2A. Molecular Pharmacology. 56: 515-525
Reincke T. and Barthel D. 1997. Silica uptake kinetics of Halichondria panacea in Kiel Bight. Marine Biology. 129: 591-593
Reiswig H. M. 1971. In situ pumping activities of tropical Demospongiae. Marine Biology. 9: 38-50
Reiswig H. M. 1975. The aquiferous systems of three marine demospongiae. Journal of Morphology. 145: 493-502
Robert R. S. and Rohlf F. J. 1969. Biometry. The principles and practice of statistics in biological research. W. H. Freeman and Company. San Francisco. pp.776
Schönberg C. H. L. and Barthel D. 1997. Inorganic skeleton of the demosponge Halichondria panacea. Seasonality in spicule production in the Baltic Sea. Marine Biology. 130: 133-140
Simpson T. L. 1968. The biology of the marine sponge Microciona prolifera (Ellis and Sollander). II. Temperature-related annual changes in functional and reproductive elements with a description of larval metamorphosis. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 2: 252-277
Simpson T. L. 1984. The cell biology of sponges. Springer-Verlag New York Inc. U.S.A. 662 pp.
Stone A. R. 1970. Growth and reproduction of Hymeniacidon perleve (Montagu) (Porifera) in Langstone Harbour, Hampshire. Journal of Zoology: Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. 161: 443-459
Tachibana K., Scheuer P. J., Tsukitani Y., Kikuchi H., Engen D. V., Clardy J., Gopichand Y. and Schmitz F. J. 1981. Okadaic acid, a cytotoxic polyether from two marine sponges of the genus Halichondria. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 103: 2469-2471
Tyree S. 2000. The Porifera (living sponges). Typeset and Published by D.E. Publishing. Vol. 1. 212 pp.
Uriz M. J., Turon X., Becerro M. A. and Galera J. 1996. Feeding deterrence in sponges. The role of toxicity, physical defenses, energetic contents, and life-history stage. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 205: 187-204
Warburton F. E. 1960. Influence of currents on form of sponges. Science. 131: 89
Watanabe M. and Nakano M. 1995. Force-inhibiting effect of okadaic acid on skinned rat uterus permeabilized with alpha-toxin. Pflugers Archiv. 430: 754-756
Witte U., Barthel D. and Tendal O. S. 1994. The reproductive cycle of the sponge Halichondria panacea Pallas (1766) and its relationship to temperature and salinity. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 183: 41-52