由於全球氣候變遷之影響，北極近年來升溫速度為地球平均值的兩倍之多。隨著氣候變遷狀況日趨惡化，科學家預估北極地區很快地將面臨到無冰狀態（Ice-Free）。在過去北極地區由於受制於長期冰封的影響，人為活動僅能在沿岸為主。然而，一旦北極冰層融化到可以供船舶進入之後，各國將進入北極海爭奪資源，特別是商業漁業在冰帽消融之後，很可能大規模地進入此區域。
為此，本研究之主要目的係透過北極地區之現況及目前治理體制之研究，探討該地區公海漁業管理與利用之發展與未來展望。研究發現，目前北極地區受到氣候變遷的影響後，可能出現新興人類活動包括航運、島嶼主權爭議、外大陸礁層主張及海域非生物資源之利用之爭議及公海商業漁捕等。在檢視目前北極之治理機制後，發現北極理事會為主要的管理組織，然而其對前述所提之各項新興議題，該組織目前並沒有有效的管理權限，特別是漁業部分，故如何管理北極地區之公海漁業，將需要尋求其他地區實踐與經驗之參考。
目前公海漁業管理在國際漁業法律之規範下，係以區域漁業管理組織為主要機制。為此，本研究探討了數個條件上與北極地區相似之區域漁業管理組織，並在研究的最後針對北極地區未來若要設立類似組織時提供政策建議。最後，雖然最近北極地區已被決議暫時禁止捕魚16年，直到區域漁業組織設立為止。未來如果設立了這樣的組織，則北極地區之公海即會開始進行。但此一決議亦符合本研究以區域漁業管理組織為北極地區公海漁業管理主要機制之結果。

Influenced by global climate change, temperature in the Arctic has raised twice than that of global average. Following the exacerbation of the situation of climate change, scientists predict that there will be ice-free in the Arctic very soon. In the past, the Arctic sea was most covered by ice for a very long period, which results in limiting human activities in the coastal areas only. However, when sea ices melt in a degree to which vessels can navigate through the entire region, each State would be inevitably entering the Arctic competing resources there. In particular, commercial fishing would be greatly developed when the Arctic ice cap melts.
To this end, the purpose of this research is to discuss the development and prospects of the mechanism on the management and utilization of Arctic high seas fisheries through studying the current situation and governance regime the Arctic region. This research finds that possible emerging activities occurred following climate change in the Arctic region include shipping, sovereignty disputes over small islands, claims on extended continental shelves and the utilization of marine non-living resources, and high seas commercial fishing. After analyzing the Arctic governance regime, the Arctic Council is the principal governance mechanism. However, it does not have the authority to address those emerging activities, particularly fisheries. Thus, how to effective address high seas fisheries in the Arctic will need the practices and experiences in other regions.
Under the regulations of International fisheries legal regime, high seas fisheries are governed by regional fisheries management organizations (RFMOs). Thus, this study analyzes several RFMOs whose situation are similar to those of the Arctic region., and provides policy recommendations for establishing a similar mechanism to in the Arctic in the future. Finally, the latest development for high seas fisheries in the Arctic region is that a draft legal instrument has been adopted to ban fishing in the Arctic high seas area for the following 16 years until an RFMO has been established. In other words, commercial fishing in the Arctic will be commenced when such an RFMO has been established. Such a decision also meets the conclusion of this study, that is, an RFMO will be the principal mechanism for the management and utilization of Arctic high seas fisheries.

目錄
論文審定書 i
謝辭 ii
摘要 iii
Abstract iv
目錄 vi
圖次 viii
表次 ix
第一章　緒論 1
第一節　研究動機 1
第二節　研究問題與目的 5
第三節　研究方法與流程 6
第四節　研究範圍與限制 9
第二章　北極地區之內涵 10
第一節　北極的定義 10
第二節　北極的歷史 22
第三節　氣候變遷與北極 26
第四節　氣候變遷下之北極新興議題 32
第五節　小結 39
第三章　北極地區治理體制 40
第一節　北極治理體制之演變 40
第二節　北極理事會 43
第三節　北極地區目前因應氣候變遷之相關作為 57
第四節　北極海及周邊海域漁業現況 61
第五節 小結 69
第四章　公海漁業管理之現況與發展 72
第一節　1982年聯合國海洋法公約通過前之歷史演進 73
第二節　1982年聯合國海洋法公約通過後之歷史演進 79
第三節　聯合國魚群協定 88
第四節　IUU國際行動計畫與港口國措施 94
第五節　區域漁業管理組織簡介 101
第六節　小結 106
第五章　當前公海漁業管理機制相關介紹 110
第一節　東北大西洋漁業委員會 111
第二節　西北大西洋漁業組織 118
第三節　南極海洋生物資源保育委員會 125
第四節　南印度洋漁業協定 130
第五節　北太平洋漁業委員會 134
第六節　小結 139
第六章　結論 146
參考文獻 152

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Arctic Council, “Pacific Arctic Marine Fishes: an atlas and guide”, available at: http://www.arctic-council.org/index.php/en/our-work2/8-news-and-events/407-pacific-fish-atlas (2017/9/21).
Arctic Council, “AMAP”, available at: http://www.arctic-council.org/index.php/en/about-us/working-groups/amap (2017/12/18).
Arctic Council, “CAFF”, available at: http://www.arctic-council.org/index.php/en/about-us/working-groups/caff (2017/12/18).
Arctic Council, “EPPR”, available at: http://www.arctic-council.org/index.php/en/about-us/working-groups/eppr (2017/12/18).
Arctic Council, “PAME”, available at: http://www.arctic-council.org/index.php/en/about-us/working-groups/pame (2017/12/18).
Arctic Council, “SDWG”, available at: http://www.arctic-council.org/index.php/en/about-us/working-groups/sdwg (2017/12/18).
Arctic Council, “Working Groups”, available at: http://www.arctic-council.org/index.php/en/about-us/working-groups (2017/10/23).
Arctic Council, “Task Force on Search and Rescue”, available at: https://www.arctic-council.org/index.php/en/task-forces/71-tf-sar (2018/1/6).
Arctic Portal, “Arctic Search and Rescue Agreement – Arctic Portal – The Arctic Gateway”, available at: https://arcticportal.org/yar-features/421-arctic-search-and-rescue-agreement (2018/1/15).
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CCAMLR, “Convention Area”, available at: https://www.ccamlr.org/en/organisation/convention-area (2017/11/7).
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CCAMLR, “Report of the 35th Meeting of the Commission”, available at: https://www.ccamlr.org/en/system/files/e-cc-xxxv_2.pdf (2018/3/18).
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CCAMLR, “Toothfish Fisheries”, available at: https://www.ccamlr.org/en/fisheries/other-fisheries (2017/12/29).
CCAMLR, “Vulnerable Marine Ecosystems(VMEs)”, available at: https://www.ccamlr.org/en/science/vulnerable-marine-ecosystems-vmes (2018/1/2).
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Energy Information Administration, the U.S., “Arctic Oil and Natural Gas Resources”, available at: https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=4650 (2017/12/15).
EPPR, “Ministerial Direction”, available at: http://arctic-council.org/eppr/reports/ministerial-direction/ (2017/9/21).
FAO, “Agreement on Port State Measures to Prevent, Deter and Eliminate Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing”, http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/user_upload/legal/docs/037s-e.pdf (2018/1/3).
FAO, “Decision-making in Regional Fishery Bodies or Arrangements: the evolving role of RFBs and international agreement on decision-making process”, available at: http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/Y5357E/y5357e03.htm (2017/12/18).
FAO, “Deep-sea Fisheries in the High Seas – Ensuring sustainable use of marine resources and the protection of vulnerable marine ecosystems”, available at: http://www.fao.org/docrep/014/i1064e/i1064e00.htm (2017/12/18).
FAO, “Fish is food for the brain as well as good protein”, available at: http://www.fao.org/focus/e/fisheries/nutr.htm (2017/12/14).
FAO, “Fisheries & Aquaculture – fact sheet search”, available at: http://www.fao.org/fishery/rfb/search/en (2017/11/7).
FAO, “Fisheries & Aquaculture – Regional fisheries management organization and deep-sea fisheries”, available at: http://www.fao.org/fishery/topic/166304/en (2017/11/7).
FAO, “Fisheries & Aquaculture – Role of Regional Fishery Bodies”, available at: http://www.fao.org/fishery/topic/16810/en (2017/11/7).
FAO, “Fisheries & Aquaculture – What are Regional Fishery Bodies (RFBs)?”, available at: http://www.fao.org/fishery/topic/16800/en. (2017/11/7).
FAO, “FAO Fisheries & Aquaculture – Parties to the Port State Measures Agreement”, available at: http://www.fao.org/fishery/psm/agreement/parties/en (2018/1/3).
FAO, “Management of deep-seas high seas fisheries”, available at: http://www.fao.org/fishery/topic/4450/en (2017/12/18).
FAO, “International Plan of Action for the Management of Fishing Capacity”, available at: http://www.fao.org/fishery/ipoa-capacity/en (2017/12/18).
FAO, “International Plan of Action to Illegal, Unreported, Unregulated Fishing”, available at: http://www.fao.org/3/a-y1224e/index.html (2017/12/14).
FAO, “Overfishing: a threat to marine biodiversity”, available at: http://www.un.org/events/tenstories/06/story.asp?storyID=800 (2017/12/14).
FAO, “The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture - 2012”, available at: http://www.fao.org/docrep/016/i2727e/i2727e01.pdf (2017/12/14).
FAO, “The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture – 2014”, available at: http://www.fao.org/3/a-i5716t.pdf (2017/12/14).
FAO, “The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2016”, available at: http://www.fao.org/3/a-i5555e.pdf (2017/12/14).
IHO, “Marine Regions. Lincoln Sea (IHO Sea Area)”, available at: http://www.marineregions.org/gazetteer.php?p=details&id=4254 (2017/12/18).
IPCC, “Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis – WG1”, available at: https://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar5/wg1/WGIAR5_SPM_brochure_en.pdf (2017/12/15).
Kingdom of Norway and the Russian Federation, Sep.15, 2010, “Treaty between the Kingdom of Norway and the Russian Federation concerning Maritime Delimitation and Cooperation in the Barents Sea and the Arctic Ocean”, available at: https://www.regjeringen.no/globalassets/upload/SMK/Vedlegg/2010/avtale_engelsk.pdf (2017/10/17).
NAFO, “About us”, available at: https://www.nafo.int/About-us (2017/11/7).
NAFO, “Commission”, available at: https://www.nafo.int/About-us/Commission (2017/11/7).
NAFO, “CMM-2015”, available at: https://archive.nafo.int/open/fc/2015/fcdoc15-01.pdf (2018/1/2).
NAFO, “ICNAF MAPS”, available at: https://www.nafo.int/About-us/ICNAF/icnaf-maps (2017/11/7).
NAFO, “KULKA, David W., History and Description of the International Commission for the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries”, available at: https://www.nafo.int/Portals/0/PDFs/icnaf/ICNAF_history-kulka.pdf?ver=2016-08-10-090221-340 (2017/11/7).
NAFO, “map-poster – 8.5x11”, available at: https://www.nafo.int/Portals/0/PDFs/GeneralInfo/NAFO map-poster-8.5x11.pdf (2017/11/7).
NAFO, “NAFO 2014 Annual Report”, available at: https://www.nafo.int/Portals/0/PDFs/ar/ar2014/ar14.pdf (2018/3/17).
NAFO, “NAFO 2015 Annual Report”, available at: https://www.nafo.int/Portals/0/PDFs/ar/ar2015/ar15.pdf (2018/3/17).
NAFO, “NAFO 2016 Annual Report”, available at: https://www.nafo.int/Portals/0/PDFs/ar/ar2016/AR16.pdf (2018/3/17).
NAFO, “Recent History – Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Organization (NAFO) – ICNAF”, available at: https://www.nafo.int/About-us/ICNAF/recent-history-northwest-atlantic-fisheries-organization-nafo (2017/1/9).
NAFO, “Scientific Council”, available at: https://www.nafo.int/About-us/Scientific-Council (2017/11/7).
NAFO, “Secretariat”, available at: https://www.nafo.int/About-us/Secretariat (2017/11/7).
NAFO, “Vulnerable Marine Ecosystems”, available at: https://www.nafo.int/Fisheries/VME (2018/1/2).
NASA, “NASA Visible Earth: Methane Emissions form the Arctic Ocean”, available at: http://visibleearth.nasa.gov/view.php?id=77868 (2017/9/21).
NEAFC, “34th Annual Meeting of the North-East Atlantic Fisheries Commission Report”, available at: http://neafc.org/system/files/AM-2015-report-final_0.pdf (2018/3/15).
NEAFC, “35th Annual Meeting of the North-East Atlantic Fisheries Commission Report”, available at: http://neafc.org/system/files/AM-2016-report-final.pdf (2018/3/15).
NEAFC, “36th Annual Meeting of the North-East Atlantic Fisheries Commission Report”, available at: http://neafc.org/system/files/Report Final.pdf (2018/3/15).
NEAFC, “About the work of North East Atlantic Fisheries Commission”, available at: https://www.neafc.org/about (2017/12/28).
NEAFC, “Committee and Working Group Information”, available at: https://www.neafc.org/neafc-subsidiary-bodies (2017/11/7).
NEAFC, “Catch Information”, available at: https://www.neafc.org/catch (2017/11/7).
NEAFC, “Current Measures”, available at: https://www.neafc.org/managing_fisheries/measures/current (2017/11/29).
NEAFC, “ICES Advice for 2017 Deep-sea stocks(PPT)”, available at: https://www.neafc.org/system/files/10.Annex I - ICES-Advice-for-2017-Deep-Sea-Stocks.pdf (2017/12/19).
NEAFC, “Map of the NEAFC Regulatory Area”, available at: https://www.neafc.org/managing_fisheries/measures/ra_map (2017/11/7).
NEAFC, “Permanent Committee on Management and Science (PECMAS), 3-4 October Report”, available at: http://neafc.org/system/files/PECMAS-Oct-2017-report-Final(with-annexes).pdf (2018/3/15).
NEAFC, “Report of the 32nd Annual Meeting of the North-East Atlantic Fisheries Commission, Vol. II – Annexes”, available at: https://www.neafc.org/system/files/VOL_II_Annexes-complete(reduced).pdf (2017/11/7).
NEAFC, “The Structure of NEAFC”, available at: https://www.neafc.org/page/18 (2017/11/7).
NEAFC, “The Development of NEAFC’s Protection of Vulnerable Marine Ecosystems(VMEs)”, available at: http://www.neafc.org/other/14803 (2018/1/2).
NOAA, “Convention on Future Multilateral Cooperation in the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries”, available at: http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/ia/intlagree/docs/NAFO.pdf (2018/1/2).
NOAA, “Fishing in the Arctic?”, available at: http://research.noaa.gov/News/NewsArchive/LatestNews/TabId/684/ArtMID/1768/ArticleID/12305/Fishing-in-the-Arctic.aspx (2017/12/18).
NOAA, “Is Sea Level Rising?”, available at : http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/sealevel.html (2015/12/6).
NOAA, “What is a thermocline?”, available at: https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/thermocline.html (2018/2/20).
NPAFC, “INPFC”, available at: http://www.npafc.org/new/inpfc.html (2017/12/18).
NPFC, “1st Meeting of the Commission”, available at: https://www.npfc.int/sites/default/files/2017-02/1st Annual Session of the Commission Report.pdf (2018/3/19).
NPFC, “2nd Meeting of the Commission”, available at: https://www.npfc.int/sites/default/files/2017-07/2nd Meeting of the North Pacific Fisheries Commission REPORT.pdf (2018/3/19).
NPFC, “3rd Meeting of the Commission”, available at: https://www.npfc.int/sites/default/files/2017-11/3rd Meeting of the North Pacific Fisheries Commission REPORT.pdf (2018/3/19).
NPFC, “About NPFC”, available at: https://www.npfc.int/about_npfc (2017/12/19).
NPFC, “Commission Structure”, available at: https://www.npfc.int/about_npfc/commission_structure (2018/1/2).
NPFC, “Fisheries Overview”, available at: https://www.npfc.int/fisheries-overview (2017/12/19).
NSF – National Science Foundation, “Arctic Research and Policy Act of 1984”, available at: https://www.nsf.gov/geo/opp/arctic/iarpc/arc_res_pol_act.jsp (2017/9/21).
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NSIDC, “Character Interactive Sea Ice Graph| Arctic Sea Ice News and Analysis”, available at: http://nsidc.org/arcticseaicenews/charctic-interactive-sea-ice-graph/ (2017/9/21).
NSIDC, “Quick Facts on Arctic Sea Ice”, available at: https://nsidc.org/cryosphere/quickfacts/seaice.html (2017/9/9).
NSIDC, “What is the Arctic?”, available at: https://nsidc.org/cryosphere/arctic-meteorology/arctic.html (2017/9/21).
SIOFA, “Agreement Appendix 1”, available at: http://www.siofa.org/sites/siofa.org/files/documents/SIOFA_AGREEMENT_1.pdf (2017/12/29).
SIOFA, “Report of the 2nd Meeting of the Parties to Southern Indian Ocean Fisheries Agreement”, available at: http://siofa.org/sites/siofa.org/files/documents/meetings/MoP Report II 2015 Mauritius.pdf (2018/3/19).
SIOFA, “Report of the 3rd Meeting of the Parties to Southern Indian Ocean Fisheries Agreement”, available at: http://siofa.org/sites/siofa.org/files/documents/meetings/MoP Report III 2016 La Reunion.pdf (2018/3/19).
SIOFA, “Report of the 4th Meeting of the Parties to Southern Indian Ocean Fisheries Agreement”, available at: http://siofa.org/sites/siofa.org/files/documents/meetings/MoP4 Report FINAL.pdf (2018/3/19).
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U.S. Environment Protection Administration, “Climate Change Indicators: Greenhouse Gases”, available at: https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/greenhouse-gases (2017/9/21).

中文部分
專書
Pevehouse J. C., & J. S. Goldstein著，歐信宏、胡祖慶譯，國際關係，臺北，雙葉書廊。二〇一二年。於頁60-62。
王冠雄，全球化、海洋生態與國際漁業法發展之新趨勢，臺北市，秀威資訊科技，二〇一一年，頁19。
丘宏達、陳純一，現代國際法，臺北市，三民書局，二〇一二年，頁593。
黃異，國際海洋資源法，臺北，新學林出版公司，二〇一六年，頁134-140。
學術論文
川崎健、蘇偉成，「漁業混獲與丟棄問題的根源」，水產試驗所特刊，第5號(二〇〇四年四月)，頁1至頁15，於頁2。
高聖惕，「論國際漁業法中涉及捕魚實體的爭端解決機制（上）」，政大法學評論，第95期（二〇〇七年二月）。頁229至頁264，於頁235。
研討會論文
陳貞如，「面對國際海洋法規範中的科學不確定性－預警原則適用之內涵與極限」，2012年國立政治大學現代國際法與超國界法學術研討會，國立政治大學，民102年12月14日。
學位論文
高世明，一九九五聯合國魚群協定與責任漁業行為規約對區域漁業管理組織發展與決策之影響，國立臺灣海洋大學海洋資源與事務管理研究所碩士論文，二〇〇六年，於頁13。
技術與研究報告
高世明，「預防、嚇阻與消除非法、無報告不受規範魚捕行為之近期發展：船籍國效能之研究」（科技部補助專題計畫NSC 102-2410-H-110-087-）。
高世明，「各國際法主體在公海漁業管理中權利與義務之演變：以鮪魚區域業管理組織之現況與實踐為例」（科技部補助專題計畫MOST 104-2410-H-110-022-）。
網路資料
中國國際法前沿，「北極國際治理邁出重要一步－北冰洋中部公海漁業協定結束談判」，http://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/1bw0vgvr4RuPSp_RBjTYkQ，上網檢視日期：2018年1月5日。
中華民國外交部，「我國參與國際漁業組織概況 – 參與國際組織」，https://www.mofa.gov.tw/igo/cp.aspx?n=311E0ADBC906D7A4，上網檢視日期：2017年12月18日。
文化部臺灣大百科全書，「逕流」，http://nrch.culture.tw/twpedia.aspx?id=1105，上網檢視日期，2017年9月21日。
全國圖書館合作參考服務Virtual Reference Taiwan，「知識庫：何謂國際組織？」，http://vrt.ncl.edu.tw/hypage.cgi?HYPAGE=knowledge_detail.htm&idx=1756&libraryid=1，上網檢視日期：2017年11月7日。
財團法人氣象應用推廣基金會，「氣團」，http://www.metapp.org.tw/index.php/weatherknowledge/42-weather-system/59-2008-12-25-08-48-11，上網檢視日期，2017年9月21日。
國立自然科學博物館，「凍原」，http://exresource.nmns.edu.tw/ShowObject.aspx?id=0b81dd15320b81dad7f10b81dad8000b81d7696a，上網檢視日期，2017年9月21日。
國家通訊傳播委員會，「研究方法」，https://www.ncc.gov.tw/chinese/files/08012/687_4951_080125_4.pdf，上網下載日期，2018年1月8日。
國家教育研究院，「Comparative Research – 比較研究」，http://terms.naer.edu.tw/detail/1679273/，上網檢視日期，2018年1月8日。
國家教育研究院，「Background Level – 背景等級」，http://terms.naer.edu.tw/detail/397262/，上網檢視日期：2017年9月21日。

日文部分
學術論文
秋山昌廣，「「今、北極海は」～『北極海季報』の創刊に当たって～」，北極海季報，第一卷第一期（二〇〇九年四月），頁1-9，於頁4。
網路資料
水産新潮社，「不買指導対象の前歴FOC中国船名等を公表　前歴カンボジア、フィリピンの２隻＝水産庁　前歴FOCのパナマ船、ＩＣＣＡＴで問題に」，日刊かつお・まぐろ通信，http://www.oprt.or.jp/news_0524.html，上網檢視日期：2017年12月17日。
京都府海洋センター，「レジーム・シフト」，京都府の海の水温変動，第80期（二〇〇二年四月）。http://www.pref.kyoto.jp/kaiyo2/kiho80-6.html，上網檢視日期：2017年11月9日。