本研究因應綠色化學概念之環保趨勢，開發水樣及沉積物中防曬劑、防腐抗菌劑與清潔劑三大類新興污染物之前處理萃取技術，並結合高效能液相層析-電噴灑串聯式質譜儀（HPLC-ESI-MS/MS）建立快速、穩定、更環保之分析方法。水樣部分採用液-液微萃取法進行前處理，500 mL之水樣加入1mL正辛醇進行萃取，再以甲醇將萃取液稀釋為5倍體積；沉積物部分則取1 g沉積物樣品加入2 mL甲醇進行萃取。將萃取液過濾後，分析5項防曬劑化合物、6項防腐抗菌劑化合物及24項清潔劑化合物之含量，防曬劑包括二苯甲酮類Benzophenone（BP）、2,4-Dihydroxybenzophenone（BP-1）、Oxybenzone（BP-3）、2,2'-Dihydroxy-4- methoxybenzophenone（BP-8）及樟腦類4-Methyl-benzylidene camphor（4-MBC），防腐抗菌劑包括對羥基苯甲酸酯類Methylparaben（MeP）、Ethylparaben（EtP）、Propylparaben（PrP)、Butylparaben（BuP)、Benzylparaben（BzP）及三氯沙Triclosan（TCS），清潔劑為烷基苯酚Nonylphenol（NP）、Octylphenol（OP）及烷基苯酚聚乙氧基醇Nonylphenol polyethoxylate（NPnEOs, n=2~12）、Octylphenol polyethoxylate（OPnEOs, n=2~12）。回收率介於76.96~119.6%，檢量線相關係數介於0.9895~ 0.9999，而水樣中最低偵測極限可達0.0023 ng/L，沉積物中最低偵測極限可達0.34 ng/g。將最佳化方法應用於屏東恆春半島沿岸水域，針對恆春半島選定12處測站採集水樣，並於其中7處採集沉積物樣品，探討冬夏兩季之含量分布。水樣中防曬劑成分總含量介於12.1~1242 ng/L，防腐抗菌劑成分總含量介於4.85~167 ng/L，清潔劑成分總含量介於17.7~946 ng/L；沉積物中僅測得防曬劑BP-3及清潔劑NP化合物，含量分別介於n.d.~17.5 ng/g及20.9~145 ng/g。研究結果顯示萬里桐測站之防曬劑濃度有偏高之情形，應予注意是否對該地區珊瑚礁生態系造成負面影響，而防腐抗菌劑及清潔劑成分與國外文獻相比之污染情形相對輕微，但此類成分為內分泌干擾物質，亦應審慎評估其對海洋環境生態的可能影響。

In view of the trend of green chemistry, environmental friendly rapid and stable pretreatments and high-performance liquid chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) procedures were established in this study for emerging contaminants, such as: sunscreens, preservatives and detergents. Water samples were pretreated with liquid-liquid microextraction, 500 mL sample was extracted with 1 mL of n-octanol. The extract was then diluted 1:4 with methanol. For sediments, 1 g of freeze-dried sample was extracted with 2 mL of methanol. Both water and sediment extracts were filtered prior to HPLC-MS/MS analyses. A total of 6 sunscreens, 5 preservatives and 24 detergent analogues were tested. The recovery percentages ranged from 76.96 to 119.6. The correlation coefficients of the calibration curve ranged between 0.9895-0.9999. The detection limits were satisfactory for both water and sediment samples. The analytical methods were used to study pollution in coastal areas of Hengchun Peninsula. Water samples from 12 stations and sediments from 7 stations were collected in July and December, 2016. The concentration of sunscreens, preservatives and detergents in water samples ranged from 12.1 to 1242 ng/L, 4.85 to 167 ng/L and 17.7 to 946 ng/L, respectively. Only sunscreen BP-3 and detergent NP were found in sediments with the amounts spanned n.d.-17.5 ng/g and 20.9-145 ng/g. The hightest concentration of sunscreens was observed in Wanlitong, and it is suggested that the possible negative impact on the coral reef ecosystem in that area should be carefully monitored. The contaminations of preservatives and detegents were relatively slight. However, the long-term effects of these exogenous pollutants should be evaluated since many of them may interfere with the reproductive endocrine system of marine organisms.

論文審定書 i
摘要 ii
Abstract iii
目錄 iv
表目錄 vii
圖目錄 ix
壹、前言 1
一、研究緣起 1
(一) 綠色化學 1
(二) 新興汙染物 1
(三) 個人護理用品 2
(四) 防曬劑（sunscreens） 4
1. 紫外線輻射及其影響 4
2. 物理性及化學性防曬劑 5
3. 二苯甲酮類與樟腦類防曬劑 6
4. 防曬劑化合物之毒性作用與內分泌干擾性質 9
5. 防曬劑化合物之管制情形 10
(五) 防腐抗菌劑（preservatives and antibacterial agents） 12
1. 防腐劑及抗菌劑介紹 12
2. 對羥基苯甲酸酯（parabens）類防腐劑 12
(1) Parabens之基本特性及用途 12
(3) Parabens之管制情形 19
3. 三氯沙（triclosan）抗菌劑 20
(1) 三氯沙之基本性質及用途 20
(2) 三氯沙之作用機制及其潛在危險性 20
(3) 三氯沙之管制情形 23
(六) 清潔劑（detergents） 23
1. 界面活性劑 23
2. 烷基苯酚聚乙氧基醇化合物之基本性質及用途 24
3. 烷基苯酚化合物之內分泌干擾性質、生物累積現象與毒性作用 25
4. 烷基苯酚聚乙氧基醇及烷基苯酚化合物之分布及其管制情形 29
二、分析儀器介紹 31
三、研究動機與目標 32
(一) 建立綠色化學樣品前處理技術及分析方法 32
(二) 探討新興污染物中防曬劑、防腐抗菌劑及清潔劑化合物在恆春半島主要河川及遊憩海域之含量分布 32
貳、材料與方法 34
一、實驗藥品與試劑配製 34
(一) 藥品與材料 34
(二) 標準品溶液配製 36
1. 防曬劑標準品溶液配製 36
2. 防腐抗菌劑標準品溶液配製 36
3. 清潔劑標準品溶液配製 36
(三) 空白樣品 36
1. 水體空白樣品 36
2. 沉積物空白樣品 36
二、儀器設備與實驗器材 37
(一) 儀器設備 37
(二) 實驗器材 37
三、水樣及沉積物樣品採集 38
(一) 採樣時間 38
(二) 採樣地點 38
(三) 採樣方法與前處理 38
1. 水樣 38
2. 沉積物樣品 38
四、分析方法 40
(一) 液相層析串聯式質譜儀之參數設定最佳化 40
(二) 水樣中PCPs化合物分析方法 40
(三) 沉積物樣品中PCPs化合物分析方法 41
(四) 檢量線 41
(五) 方法偵測極限 42
(六) 回收率 42
参、結果與討論 43
一、層析條件設定與質譜儀參數最佳化 43
(一) 防曬劑、防腐抗菌劑及清潔劑化合物質譜電壓參數設定最佳化 43
(二) 防曬劑、防腐抗菌劑及清潔劑化合物層析條件最佳化與探討 43
1. 防曬劑化合物之層析條件最佳化 48
2. 防腐抗菌劑與清潔劑（NP及OP）之層析條件最佳化 52
3. 清潔劑（NP2~12EO及OP2~12EO）之層析條件最佳化 57
二、樣品前處理方法最佳化 58
(一) 水樣液-液微萃取方法 58
(二) 沉積物樣品萃取方法 60
(三) 樣品萃取分析方法流程 64
1. 水體樣品萃取分析方法 64
2. 沉積物樣品萃取分析方法 64
(四) 微萃取方法與傳統萃取方法之比較 64
三、品保／品管（QA／QC） 66
(一) 層析圖譜 66
(二) 檢量線 66
(三) 方法偵測極限 67
(四) 回收率 67
四、水文資料 79
(一) 水溫 79
(二) 鹽度 79
(三) 溶氧 79
(四) pH值 79
五、恆春半島沿岸水域PCPs含量分析 81
(一) 水樣 81
1. 防曬劑化合物 81
(1) 夏季 81
(2) 冬季 82
2. 防腐抗菌劑化合物 82
(1) 夏季 82
(2) 冬季 89
3. 清潔劑化合物 90
(1) 夏季 90
(2) 冬季 95
(二) 沉積物樣品 107
六、文獻比較及探討 112
(一) 防曬劑 112
1. 水樣 112
2. 沉積物 113
(二) 防腐抗菌劑 113
1. 水樣 113
2. 沉積物 114
(三) 清潔劑 114
1. 水樣 114
2. 沉積物 115
肆、結論 122
伍、參考文獻 123
附錄 133

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