Responsive image
博碩士論文 etd-0311108-165629 詳細資訊
Title page for etd-0311108-165629
論文名稱
Title
台灣城鄉價值變遷及其對都市治理之意涵
The Meaning of Urban Governance by Value Change between Urban and Rural in Taiwan
系所名稱
Department
畢業學年期
Year, semester
語文別
Language
學位類別
Degree
頁數
Number of pages
212
研究生
Author
指導教授
Advisor
召集委員
Convenor
口試委員
Advisory Committee
口試日期
Date of Exam
2008-01-09
繳交日期
Date of Submission
2008-03-11
關鍵字
Keywords
多因子變異數分析、城鄉屬性、後物質主義、價值觀轉型、都市治理
post-materialism, urban attribute, urban governance, values change, multi-factorial ANOVA
統計
Statistics
本論文已被瀏覽 5656 次,被下載 2398
The thesis/dissertation has been browsed 5656 times, has been downloaded 2398 times.
中文摘要
價值觀的重要性在於它潛在的影響行為與決策,更決定了資源分配的方式。二次世界大戰以後,西方工業國家歷經長期的經濟穩定成長,逐漸出現後物質價值觀的轉型。民眾逐漸由過去注重「經濟成長」、「工作穩定」、「權威」、「秩序」、「理性」等價值思維,轉而以「言論自由」、「環境保護」、「多元價值」、「休閒生活」、「藝術美學」、「自我實現」等價值為主流。這些特徵使得地方政府所面對的治理問題,日益的多元與複雜,而當前的都市治理亟需有所因應。
本研究以台灣社會變遷基本調查資料庫進行統計分析。探討台灣價值觀的時空轉變。透過量表的轉換,計算各年度的後物質價值分數,除了檢驗整體趨勢變化之外,並以不同的社會經濟變項進行單因子、二因子與三因子的變異數分析。最後輔以質性資料之討論。
依據本研究結果顯示,(1) 台灣價值觀隨著時間增加逐漸發生轉型,價值觀的轉型中的期間效應、年齡效應與代際效應都呈現統計的顯著性。(2) 年齡、所得、教育程度、職業類型、婚姻狀況、城鄉屬性對價值觀具有影響的研究假設都獲得驗證。且所得與城鄉屬性存在二因子的交互作用;而所得、城鄉屬性、婚姻狀況呈現三因子的交互作用。(3) 性別對於價值觀差異的假設未獲證實,但女性逐漸朝向後物質價值的趨勢轉變。(4) 所得對於價值觀產生的影響在中高所得會產生遞減,年齡則在40-59歲之間較無差異。(5) 職業類型早期是二級產業與三級產業無顯著差異,近期以一級產業與二級產業無顯著差異。(6) 所得越高;教育程度越高;未婚者具有較高的後物質價值觀。(7) 城鄉屬性的差異顯示,早期都市較早往後物質價值發展,因此呈現都市與城鎮及鄉村兩組具有顯著性,而城鎮與鄉村彼此間沒有顯著差異,但後期變為都市與城鎮沒有顯著差異,表示隨著價值觀的轉變,在空間上有逐漸由都市擴散到城鎮的現象。(8) 在二因子交互作用中,都市內各所得的價值觀差異最大,城鎮內的差異略小,鄉村的差異最小。在三因子交互作用中,城鄉屬性的價值觀差異,在低所得與未婚者容易產生顯著性。(9) 具有後物質價值特徵的地區應該將資源分配在後物質治理的目標上,在本研究中都市具有較多的後物質價值特徵,而鄉村具有較多的物質價值特徵。(10) 從總體經濟指標、個人支出、議會質詢、選舉公報、決算分析等資料探討中發現,價值觀轉型時也使得都市治理發生轉變的現象。(11) 2000年以後,台灣面臨經濟衰退,失業率攀升的困境,導致價值觀朝向物質價值變動。也使地方治理對於環境保護、社區發展的支出減少。 (12) 善治是都市治理的目標,而後物質價值的轉變促使治理的環境符合善治的基礎,都市治理也因應價值觀的差異而有所轉變。
Abstract
The importance of value lies in its potential influence of people’s behavior and decision. It also determines how people distribute their available resources. After the World War II, in the western developed countries people’s value has changed to post-materialism due to the stable growth of economy in these countries. People transferred their value priority from economy growth, stable job, authority, order, and rationality, to freedom of speech, environmental protection, multi-value, leisure time, art, and self- expression. These changes have caused governments to react these issues think about how to govern the diversity and complicity of changing value.
This research focuses on value of time and space transformation by analysing data from Taiwan Social Change Survey (TSCS). Through re-construction scale and calculate score of post-material value, the paper examines trend of value changes from 1985 to 2005 by adopting one-way ANOVA, two-way ANOVA and three-way ANOVA approaches to analyse the differences of value among socio-economic variables.
From the findings this research reveals that: (1) In Taiwan, value including period effect, age effect and cohort effect has significant changes along with time passing by; (2) Variables influencing value changes include age, income, education, job, marriage, and urban attributes. Income interacts with urban attribute, and moreover, income, urban attribute, and marriage interact with one another; (3) The effect of gender has not been proven for influencing value change; however, value of female gradually changes toward post-material value; (4) The influence of income value decreases when income decrease; however, this influence does not have significant change between people of age 40 to 59; (5) Job does not have significant influence on secondary industry and tertiary industry in early stages, and it also does not have significant influence on primary industry and secondary industry in lately stages; (6) People with high income, high education, or in unmarried status have high post-material value; (7) The difference of urban attribute shows that there is significant difference between urban, town, and rural, due to urban value changes toward post-material in early stage; however in lately stage there is no significant difference between urban and town. From the finding above it indicates that value changes from urban to town in space respect; (8) Between urban and income interaction of value change, people in urban area show significant difference of income value, then comes to people in town, finally people in rural area. As to the interaction among urban, income and marriage, it shows that single people with low income show significant difference in urban attribute; (9) Governments of urban area with post-material features should distribute resource in post-material governance. This research finds that there are significant post-material features in urban area, and significant material features in rural area; (10) Form indictor of macroeconomics, personal expenditure, interpellation of city council, election bulletin, final accounting of expenditure, this research shows that urban governance also shifts as researched value changes; (11) Since 2000, Taiwan has faced economic recession and raising unemployment problems which cause value changes toward material value. This change leads local governments to decrease expenditure on both environmental protection and community development during 2000 to 2007; (12) Urban government should focus on good governance, and value changing toward post-material contributes to foundation of good governance. Governments should improve the way of governance based on these value changes.
目次 Table of Contents
1. 緒論 1
1.1 研究背景與動機 1
1.2 研究目的 5
1.3 研究問題與重要性 6
1.4 研究流程與步驟 7
1.4.1 研究步驟 7
1.4.2 研究流程 8
2. 價值觀與都市治理文獻回顧 11
2.1 物質價值與後物質價值 11
2.1.1 物質價值 11
2.1.2 後物質價值觀興起與發展 12
2.1.3 物質價值觀與後物質價值觀的特徵 13
2.2 價值觀轉變的相關研究 16
2.2.1 國外價值觀轉變的實證研究 16
2.2.2 價值觀的世界性調查 20
2.2.3 國內有關價值觀的研究 21
2.2.4 影響價值觀轉變的因素 23
2.2.5 都市價值觀的轉型 25
2.3 都市治理與價值觀探討 27
2.3.1 治理與都市治理 27
2.3.2 都市治理興起的原因 29
2.3.3 都市治理面臨的挑戰 31
2.3.4 國外都市治理的經驗 32
2.3.5 良好的都市治理的條件 36
3. 研究方法與分析步驟 40
3.1 研究變項的界定 40
3.1.1 後物質價值傾向 40
3.1.2 城鄉屬性 41
3.1.3 年齡 43
3.1.4 社會經濟變項 43
3.1.5 時間 43
3.2 資料來源 45
3.2.1 量化資料 45
3.2.2 質性資料 46
3.3 研究假設 47
3.4 研究設計 49
3.4.1 整體趨勢 49
3.4.2 變項間關係與作用 49
3.5 變異數分析 50
3.5.1 變異數分析的概念 50
3.5.2 單因子與多因子變異數分析步驟 50
3.5.3 單因子與多因子變異數分析的設計 51
4. 實證分析 52
4.1 數據分析的前置工作 52
4.1.1 量表的重新建構 52
4.1.2 問卷的設計 53
4.1.3 施測步驟及抽樣方式 55
4.1.4 施測樣本結構說明 55
4.1.5 信度與效度的檢視 56
4.2 原始資料的處理 59
4.2.1 欲分析欄位篩選 59
4.2.2 新變項的產生 59
4.2.3 無效樣本的剔除 60
4.3 價值觀變遷的總體趨勢 61
4.3.1 整體價值觀的期間效應 61
4.3.2 價值觀人數比例的轉變 64
4.3.3 價值觀的代際效應 65
4.4 價值觀單因子變異數分析 70
4.4.1 年齡 70
4.4.2 性別 81
4.4.3 教育程度 85
4.4.4 所得 91
4.4.5 職業類型 103
4.4.6 婚姻狀況 110
4.4.7 城鄉屬性 114
4.5 二因子變異數分析 121
4.5.1 城鄉屬性與所得交互作用考驗 122
4.5.2 城鄉屬性與所得單純主要效果考驗 125
4.5.3 小結 131
4.6三因子變異數分析 132
4.6.1 三因子交互作用考驗 135
4.6.2 單純交互作用效果考驗 136
4.6.3 三因子單純主要效果考驗 141
4.6.4 小結 147
5. 價值觀轉型與都市治理的討論 148
5.1 總體指標的變化 148
5.1.1 每人平均國民所得 148
5.1.2 歷年經濟成長率 150
5.1.3 歷年失業率與物價指數 151
5.2 歷年個人支出改變 153
5.3 歷年地方政府決算 154
5.4 歷年選舉主張 157
5.5 歷年報紙標題 158
5.6 北高歷年議會質詢 160
5.7 小結 165
6. 研究討論與結論 166
6.1 假設驗證 166
6.1.1 符合假設的研究結果 166
6.1.2 未支持假設的研究結果 167
6.2 變項間的交互作用 168
6.2.1 城鄉屬性與所得 168
6.2.2 城鄉屬性、所得與婚姻狀況 169
6.3 台灣朝向後物質價值轉型的證據 170
6.3.1 期間效應的討論 170
6.3.2 年齡效應的討論 171
6.3.3 代際效應的討論 171
6.4 研究討論與回應 172
6.4.1 價值觀降低的現象 172
6.4.2 性別未符合預期假設的討論 172
6.4.3 價值觀轉型與都市治理的關係 173
6.5 研究結論 174
6.5.1 研究總結 174
6.5.2 貢獻與限制 175
6.5.3 後續研究建議 175

參考文獻 176
附錄1 城鄉屬性分類方式 183
1-1 1985年分類方式 183
1-2 1990年分類方式 188
1-3 2000年分類方式 192
1-4 2005年分類方式 193
1-5 楊重信分類方式 194
附錄2 施測問卷 195
參考文獻 References
王佳煌(2005)。都市社會學。台北:三民。
任軍鋒(2003)。後工業、後物質、政黨-以北歐五國政治文化變為為中心,歐洲研究,6,45-62。
江岷欽、劉坤億(1999)。企業型政府:理念、實務、省思,台北:智勝文化。
何東波(2002)。後工業之高雄發展城市管理,第九屆海峽兩岸城市變遷與展望研討會論文集,台灣台南,3-1-1-15。
李長晏(2004)。全球化治理:地方政府跨區域合作分析,研考雙月刊,28(5),55-65。
李長晏(2005)。組建地方策略性夥伴關係之合作機制,中國地方自治,58(4),4-32。
杜素豪(2003)。全球化經濟發展中的相對環境價值觀:城鄉與就業身份之分析。全球衝擊與鄉村調適研討會,台灣台北。
杜素豪(2004)。環境保護與經濟成長關係的認知分析。農業與經濟,32,71-105。
杜偉(2003)。日本後現代社會的價值觀與道德觀,當代青年研究,6,26- 29。
呂育誠(2005)。地方治理意涵及其制度建立策略之研究-兼論我國縣市推動地方治理的問題與前景,公共行政學報,14,1-38。
林建元(2002)。都市計畫的新典範。台北:詹式。
林錫銓(2001)功能性區域計劃之體制研究-區域治理之有機調適模式,規劃學報,28,25-45。
吳明隆(2007)。SPSS操作與應用-變異數分析實務。台北:五南。
吳魯平(2002)。西方發達國家青年價值結構的轉型及其社會經濟根源-英格萊哈特的後現代化理論。中國青年政治學院學報,21(2),14-21。
周聖平(2001)。台灣民眾之物質/後物質主義價值:社經、地區與政治態度差異,台北大學都市計劃研究所碩士論文,未出版,台北市。
周志龍(2003)。全球化、台灣國土再結構與制度。台北:詹式。
周穗明(1998)。後物質主義價值觀和全球環境主義,當代世界與社會主義,3,71-76。
周穗明(1999)。後現代的選擇-西方興起後物質主義價值觀,馬克思主義與現實,1,55-57。
周穗明(2002)。西方綠色思潮與後物質主義價值觀,岭南學刊,5,99-102。
邱皓政(2004)。社會與行為研究的量化研究與統計分析。台北:五南。
胡連生(2006)。從物質主義到後物質主義-近代西方社會價值理念的轉向,當代世界與社會主義,2,41-44。
俞可平(2000)。治理與善治。北京:社會科學文獻出版社。
孫本初、鍾京佑(2006)。從地方政府到地方治理:網絡治理之分析,中國地方自治,59(4),33-54。
孫柏瑛(2004)。當代地方治理—面對21世紀的挑戰。北京:中國人民大學。
孫清山譯(2004)。都市社會學。台北:五南。
陳正和(2003)。第二次人口轉型,後物質主義文化,與生活品質的思考:以新莊地區為例,求知、生活與信仰—新莊居民之生活需求與期望,輔仁大學研究發展處學術研究組專題計劃報告,未出版。
陳正和(2004)。影響民眾支持廢除死刑的相關社會因素的探討-社會人口轉型因素, 社會情境因素,與社會條件因素的個別,統合,與中介作用,哲學與文化,31(5),61-102。
陳志瑋(2004)。行政課責與地方治理能力的提升,政策研究學報,4,23-46。
陳國龍(2006)。淺談物質主義傾向及其衡量,生產力研究,8,16-18。
許立一(2004)。地方治理與公民參與的實踐:政治後現代性危機的反思與解決,公共行政學報,10,63-94。
葉俊榮(2004)。政府再造與區域治理,研考雙月刊,28(5),13- 24。
葉肅科(1993)。芝加哥學派。台北:遠流。
楊重信(2001),台灣民眾之基本價值:社經背景與城鄉之差異,第八屆海峽兩岸城市發展研討會論文集,212-238,台灣台北。
楊重信、周聖平(2001)。台灣民眾之物質/後物質主義價值:社經與地區差異,中華民國區域科學學會/住宅學會 2001 年聯合年會及論文研討會,未出版,台灣台北。
廖坤榮、陳雅芬(2003)。後物質主義之地方開發政策-台南縣濱南工業區開發案探討,中國行政評論,12(4),43-76。
蕭新煌(2002)。台灣社會文化典範的轉移-台灣大轉型的歷史和宏觀紀錄。台北:立緒文化。
蕭新煌、尹寶珊(2004)。後物質主義的浮現?香港與台北的比較,香港社會政治的延續與變遷,劉兆佳、王家英、尹寶珊合編,243-273,香港:香港中文大學亞太研究所。
蕭新煌(2004)。台灣的非政府組織、民主轉型與民主治理。台灣民主季刊,1(1),65-84。
羅啟宏(1992)。台灣省鄉鎮發展類型之研究,台灣經濟月刊,190,41-68。
Abney, G., & Lauth, T. P. (1985). Interest group influence in city policy-making: the view of administrators. The Western Political Quarterly, 38(1), 148-161.
Abramson, P. R., Ellis, S., & Inglehart, R. (1997). Research in context: measuring value change. Political Behavior, 19(1), 41-59.
Alderson, A. S., & Beckfield, J. (2004). Power and position in the world city system. The American Journal of Sociology, 109(4), 811-851.
Almond, G. A., & Verba, S. (1963). The civic culture: political attitudes and democracy in five nation. NJ: Princeton University Press.
Bakvis, H. (1987). In pursuit of postbourgeois man- postmaterialism and intergenerational change in Canada. Comparative Political Studies, 20(3), 357-389.
Bartos, O. J. (1996). Postmodernism, postindustrialism, and the future. The Sociological Quarterly, 37(2), 307-325.
Belk, R.W. (1985). Materialism: trait aspects of living in the material world. Journal of Consumer Research, 12, 265-280.
Betz, H. (1990). Value change and postmaterialist politics- the case of West Germany. Comparative Political Studies, 23(2), 239-256.
Brym, R. J., Veugelers, J. W. P., & Simpson, J. (2004). Postmaterialism in unresponsive political system: the Canadian case. The Canadian Review of Sociology and Anthropology, 41(3), 291-317.
Commission on Global Governance (1995). Our Global Neighborhood, Oxford University Press.
Calista, D. J. (1984). Postmaterialism and value convergence- value priorities of Japanese compared with their perceptions of American value. Comparative Political Studies, 16(4), 529-555.
Charnock, D., & Ellis, P. (2004). Postmaterialism and postmodernization in Australian electoral politics. Electoral Studies, 23, 45-72.
Curry, P., & O’Connell M. F. (2000) .Post-materialist values and political preference: some unlikely findings from Northern Ireland. European Journal of Political Research, 37, 19-30.
Csikszentmihalyi, M., & Halton, E.R. (1978). Reflections on materialism, University of Chicago Magazine, 70(3), 6-15.
Dalton, R. J., & Ong, N.-N. (2003). Civil society andsocial capital in Vietnam. Modernization and Social Change in Vietnam. (Forthcoming)
Davis, D. W. (2000). Individual level examination of postmaterialism in the U.S.: political tolerance, racial attitudes, environmentalism, and participatory norms. Political Research Quarterly, 53(3), 455-475.
Dear, M., & Flusty, S. (1998). Postmodern urbanism. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 88(1), 50-72.
Dekker, K., & van Kempen, R. (2004). Urban governance with in the big city-ideals and practice in Den Haag, the Netherlands. Cities, 21(2), 109-117.
Douglass, M. (2000). Mega-urban regions and world city formation: globalization, the economic crisis and urban policy issue in Pacific Asia. Urban Studies, 37(12), 2315-2335.
Duch, R. M., & Taylor, M. A. (1993). Postmaterialism and the economic condition. American Journal of Political Science, 37(3), 747-779.
Duch, R. M., & Taylor, M. A. (1994). A reply to abramson and Inglehart’s “education, security, and postmaterialism”. American Journal of Political Science, 38(3), 815-824.
Dunlap, R. E., & Liere, K. D. V. (1980). The social bases of environmental concern: a review of hypotheses, explanations and empirical evidence. The Public Opinion Quarterly, 44(2), 181-197.
Erickson, O., & Laycock, D. (2002). Postmaterialism versus the welfare state? Party Politics, 8(3), 301-325.
Ferdinand, B. (1985). In an environment of insecurity- postmaterialism in the European community, 1970-1980. Comparative Political Studies, 17(4), 453-484.
Gigson, J. L., & Duch, R. M. (1994). Postmaterialism and the emerging Soviet democracy. Political Research Quarterly, 47(1), 5-39.
Gottlieb, A. (1983). Materialsm, postmaterialism, and public views on public views on socioeconomic policy- the case of Israel. Comparative Political Studies, 16(3), 307-335.
Graaf, N. D. D. (1996). Why are the young more postmaterialist? a cross-national analysis of individual and contextual influences on postmaterial values. Comparative Political Studies, 28(4), 608-635.
Grafstein, R. (2002). The political economy of postmaterialism: material explanations of changing values. Economics and Politics, 14(2), 163-190.
Hall, P. (1997). Modelling the post-industrial city. Futures, 29(4/5), 311-322
Harpham, T., & Boateng, K.A. (1997). Urban governance in relation to the operation of urban service in developing countries. Habitat International, 21(1), 65-77.
Hayes, B. C., McAllister, I., & Studlar, D. T. (2000). Gender, postmaterialism, and feminism in comparative perspective. International Political Science Review, 21(4), 425-439.
Hoefer, R. (1988). Postmaterialism at work in social welfare policy: the Swedish case. Social Service Review, 62(3), 383-395.
Holt, D. (1995). How consumers consume: a typology of consumption practices, Journal of Consumer Research, 22, 1-16.
Inglehart, R. (1971). The silent revolution in Europe: intergenerational change in post-industrial societies. The American Political Science Review, 65(4), 991-1017.
Inglehart, R. (1981). Post-materialism in an environment of insecurity. The American Political Science Review, 75(4), 880-900.
Inglehart, R. (1985). New perspectives on value change- response to Lafferty and Knutsen, Savage, and Boltken and Jagodzinski. Comparative Political Studies, 17(4), 485-532.
Inglehart, R. (1990). Culture shift in advanced industrial society. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
Inglehart, R., & Abramson, P. R. (1994). Economic security and value change. The American Political Science Review, 88(2), 336-354.
Inglehart, R. (1997). Modernization and postmodernization: cultural, economic, and political change in 43 Societies, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Inglehart, R. (2000). Globalization and postmodern value. The Washington Quarterly, 23(1), 215-228.
Inglehart, R., & Abramson, P., R. (1999). Measuring postmaterialism. The American Political Science Review, 93(3), 665-667.
Kearns, A. J. (1992). Active citizenship and urban governance. Transactions of the institute of British Geographers, 17(1), 20-34.
Leach, R., & Percy-Smith, J. (2001). Local Governance In Britain. New York: Palgrave.
Lafferty, W. M., & Kunutsen, O. (1984). Leftist and rightist ideology in a social democratic state: an analysis of Norway in the midst of the coservative resurgence. British Journal of Political Science, 14(3), 345-367.
Lafferty, W. M. (1985). Postmaterialism in a social democratic state- an analysis of the distinctness and congruity of the Inglehart value syndrome in Norway. Comparative Political Studies, 17(4), 411-430.
Lindström, M. (2007). Materialist and post-materialist values and cannabis amorking among young adults: a population- base study in southern Sweden. Preventive Medicine, 44, 363-368.
Marks, G. N. (1997). The formation of materialist and postmaterialist value. Social Science Research, 26, 52-68.
Maslow, A. H. (1987). Motivation and personality New York: Harper and Row.
McLarney, C., & Chung, E. (1999). Post-materialism’s “silent revolution” in consumer research. Marketing Intelligence & Planning, 17(6), 288-297.
Moaddel, M. ed. (2007). Values and perceptions of the Islamic and Middle Eastern publics. New York: Palgrave
Ohlander, J., Batalova, J., & Treas, J. (2005). Explaining educational influences on attitudes toward homosexual relations. Social Science Research, 34, 781-799.
Opp, K. (1990). Postmaterialism, collective action, and political protest. American Journal of Political Science, 34(1), 212-235.
Pierre, J., & Peters, B. J. (2000). Governance, Politics, and the State. London: Macmillan.
Prefontaine, L., Ricard, L., Sicotte, H., Turcotte, D., and Dawes, S. (2000). New modelsof collaboration for public service delivery. (working paper)
Rhodes, R.A.W. (1997). Understanding governance- policy networks, governance, reflexivity and accountability. Philadelphia: Open University press.
Richins, M. L. & Dawson, S. (1992). A Consumer values orientation for materialism and It’s measurement: scale development and validation, Journal of Consumer Research, 19(2), 303-316.
Rokeach, M. (1973). The nature of human values. New York: Free Press.
Dalton, R. J., & Doh Chull Shin, D. C. (2006). Citizens, democracy, and markets around the Pacific Rim. USA: Oxford University Press.
Savage, J. (1985). Postmaterialism of the left and right- politicial conflict in postindustrial society. Comparative Political Studies, 17(4), 431-451.
Simpson, F. & Chapman, M. (1999). Comparison of urban governance and planning policy- East looking West. Cities, 16(5), 353-364.
Stewart, K. (2003). Designing good urban governance indicators: The importance of citizen participation and its evaluation in greater Vancouver. Cities, 23(3), 196-204.
Trump, T. M. (1991). Value formation and postmaterialism- Inglehart’s theory of value change reconsidered. Comparative Political Studies, 24(3), 365-390.
Walks, R. A. (2001).The social ecology of the post-Fordist/global city? economic restructuring and social-spatial polarisation in the Toronto urban region, Urban Studies, 38(3), 407-447.
Wernet, C. A., Elman, C., & Pendleton, B. F. (2005). The postmodern individual: structural determinants of attitudes. Comparative Sociology, 4, 340-364.
Williams, G. (1999). Institutional capacity and metropolitan governance: the greater Toronto area. Cities, 16(3), 171-180.
Williams, G. (1999). Metropolitan governance and strategic planning: a review of experience in Manchester, Melbourne and Toronto. Progress in Planning, 52, 1-100.
Wilson, M. S. (2005). A social-value analysis of postmaterialism. The Journal of Social Psychology, 145(2), 209-224.
電子全文 Fulltext
本電子全文僅授權使用者為學術研究之目的,進行個人非營利性質之檢索、閱讀、列印。請遵守中華民國著作權法之相關規定,切勿任意重製、散佈、改作、轉貼、播送,以免觸法。
論文使用權限 Thesis access permission:校內外都一年後公開 withheld
開放時間 Available:
校內 Campus: 已公開 available
校外 Off-campus: 已公開 available


紙本論文 Printed copies
紙本論文的公開資訊在102學年度以後相對較為完整。如果需要查詢101學年度以前的紙本論文公開資訊,請聯繫圖資處紙本論文服務櫃台。如有不便之處敬請見諒。
開放時間 available 已公開 available

QR Code