為了防止不穩定因子使整個電網崩潰，傳統上電力公司以最小化建置成本，治標性地設計整體系統保護方案(System Integrity Protection Scheme, SIPS)，以保持系統穩定。從傳統火力發電到再生能源的的轉變，使電力公司面臨到新的挑戰。再生能源滲透率提高導致系統動態特性的改變，甚至可能造成不穩定情況。再生能源對現今SIPS運行產生影響，因此需被檢視並於設計新型的SIPS時，需考量大量再生能源併網對系統運作的影響。
本論文提出了一個新的自適應性整體系統保護方案 (Adaptive System Integrity Protection Scheme, ASIPS) 設計架構，不僅建立了一套完善設計的方法及保護方案計算及執行的方式，以防止不穩定的情況，也強調再生能源的存在對SIPS的影響。在所提出的依系統反應之自適應性整體系統保護方案設計方法中，相位測量設備（PMU）資料的應用具關鍵性，本論文除說明達設計目標的PMU最佳裝設位置規劃方法外，對ASIPS調整及執行控制流程中的每個基本工作都做了詳細說明。ASIPS於電網事故發生後即進行系統是否不穩定預測、估計系統進入不穩定剩餘的時間、計算緊急情況下應進行之最佳預防性緊急或矯正控制。透過案例的模擬展示，可觀察當電網中存在大量再生能源時，本研究所提出的ASIPS如何依系統情況，進行相關控制，以防止系統崩潰。

In an effort to minimize expansion costs and maintain system reliability, traditionally, utilities had designed and deployed System Integrity Protection Schemes (SIPS) to prevent the grid collapse due to instability. The migration from conventional thermal generation to renewable energy sources (RES) is presenting new challenges to utilities. The increased penetration level of RES results in changes in system dynamics, which could potentially cause instability problems. RES could have impacts on the operations of existing SIPS, and should be studied and taken into account while designing new SIPS for grids with significant levels of RES integrations.
This work presents a new Adaptive SIPS (ASIPS) design framework that establishes design methodologies and implements protection schemes to prevent instability, considering the presence of RES in the network. The utilization of phasor measurement units (PMU) data is critical and enables a response-based and adaptive SIPS design; methods for their effective allocation are presented. In this thesis, the features of the proposed ASIPS, including the real time instability prediction after network events, toward instability remaining time estimation, computation of emergency and corrective controls, are elaborated in details. Simulation results demonstrate how the proposed ASIPS enables response-based protection against instability when there is a substantial RES integration in the grid.

Thesis Approval Form i
Acknowledgements ii
摘要 iv
Abstract vi
Contents viii
List of Figures x
List of Tables xiv
Abbreviations xv
Chapter 1: Introduction 1
1.1 Research Background and Motivation 1
1.2 Scope of the work 6
1.3 Main contributions 9
1.4 Organization of the Thesis 10
Chapter 2: Literature Review 11
2.1 Historical Blackout Events and Mitigations 11
2.2 SIPS Design Concepts, Procedure, Comparisons and State-of-the-Art 21
2.3 Effects of Renewable Integrations on SIPS Design 36
Chapter 3: Transmission System Monitoring and Network Modeling 38
3.1 Network Monitoring System and Phasor Measurement Units Optimal Placement 38
3.1.1. Lyapunov Exponent Method 40
3.1.2. Correlation Matrix Method 43
3.1.3. PMU Allocation Results and Comparison 46
3.2 Network Modeling 53
3.2.1. Static Models 53
3.2.2. Dynamic Models 55
3.2.3. Modeling Testing & Verification 60
Chapter 4: System Integrity Protection Scheme 65
4.1 The Proposed Adaptive System Integrity Protection Scheme 65
4.1.1. Traditional System Integrity Protection Scheme Design Procedure 67
4.1.2. Dynamic State Estimation Formulation 71
4.1.3. Instability Prediction Methods 76
4.1.3.1 Transfer Energy Function [64] 76
4.1.3.2 Transient Energy Margin and BCU [55] 79
4.1.3.3 Stability Boundary using ΔV-ROCOV planes [70] 81
4.1.3.4 Artificial Neural Networks [77] 83
4.1.3.5 Decision Trees [86] 84
4.1.3.6 Support Vector Machines [88] 85
4.1.3.7 Recursive Neural Networks [92] 86
4.1.4. Remaining Time Calculation 88
4.1.5. Adaptive Control Determination 89
4.1.5.1 Control Options Selection 90
4.1.5.2 Emergency Control 91
4.1.5.3 Corrective Control 95
4.2 Time Delay Considerations 101
4.3 Renewable Intermittency Considerations 107
Chapter 5: Simulation Results and Discussions 109
5.1 Test Systems and Scenarios 109
5.2 System Instability Prediction Results 112
5.3 Adaptive System Integrity Protection Controls Simulation Results 115
5.4 Comparison with Previous Event and System Response Based Methods 120
5.5 Discussions 124
Chapter 6: Conclusions and Future Work 126
6.1 Conclusions 126
6.2 Future work 127
References 128
Appendices 139
A.1 Nomenclature 139
A.2 Test System Parameters 142
A.3 Coauthored Publications 148

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