傳統形態測量方法以物體上兩點距離的徑測量(caliper distance)為主，為了解決異速生長(allometric)的問題，乃發展出應用變積分析與主成份分析法等多變量的統計方法進行相關之研究。幾何形態測量方法發展於近十年，主要是利用地標點(landmark)或是周邊曲線(outline)的方式記錄生物的形狀(shape)與大小(size)，再經由伸縮及旋轉等演算將物體疊合，以免除異速生長在統計上的干擾。本研究採用幾何形態學中的重疊法，對台灣地區所產的Octopus與Cistopus屬章魚之口器表面地標點進行研究，探討性別間、族群間以及種間的差異，並依據徑測距離與重疊法所得之UPGMA樹，試圖檢驗Norman和Sweeney所提出有關Octopus屬種間親緣關係的假說。
研究結果指出，Octopus aegina 和O. marginatus兩種章魚的雌雄口器無差異，可能是因為章魚類雌雄間對食物並無專一性選擇，而口器與繁殖也沒有重要的交集。而針對大溪及東港兩產地的O. marginatus族群作分析顯示，兩地的族群在口器形態上已經有分化的現象，此一證據與過去的分子學研究結果不相符，口器在種內的變異可能受環境中食物組成之影響。綜合11種章魚口器表面的地標點與徑測距離資料，鑑別分析結果指出，地標點法與徑測距離法在鑑別已知的種類上效果良好，地標點法的正確歸類機率為92.7%，徑測距離法則為86.1%，兩者可以區別出兩隱蔽種O. cf. marginatus和O. marginatus，但以地標點法的效果較好。兩法依據馬哈蘭諾距離矩陣所得的樹狀圖在親緣關係的解釋則不同，地標點法的樹狀圖支持O. cf. marginatus, O. aegina和O. marginatus這三個近親歸在同一分枝，與分子學所得的結果相同，但樹上其他種類的關係則與假說不符，因此地標點法所構築的樹並不適用在親緣關係的解釋，或者可能用來解釋近親種類間的關係。口器徑測距離所得的樹狀圖則可運用在屬或種群階層的分類判定，並據而建議將假說中的O. luteus應與 O. minor 和O. sp. TW35有所區別。
雖然已經有多篇研究支持幾何形態學的資料可以應用在親緣關係樹，不過既然形態學被詬病的趨同演化等問題是存在於形狀與大小，幾何形態學只解決了大小的問題，以較”純粹”的形狀資訊來表現生物體相似的，仍不足以有效的描繪出真實的分類。不過，去除了大小等異速生長的干擾，幾何形態學要比傳統徑測量資料更有表現的能力，比較適合應用在種間或族群間的分析，或探討環境對形態的影響。

Traditional morphometric method measures the linear distance between two points on the body surface. Statistical techniques, mainly covariance analysis and principle component analysis, are respectively used in single- and multi- variable statistical inferences. Their purpose is to overcome the bias due to allometric growth. Geomorphometric methods (mainly superimposition method) studied the size and shape of organisms was developed at recent decade. These methods not only measure and analyze body shape and size directly, but are immune to the disturbance of allometric growth. They also enable scientists to study organic structure on a three dimensional space.
In this study, coordinates of landmarks on beaks surface were recorded to give information of shape as well as caliper distances. Superimposition method (Procrustes residuals) was applied to examine the difference between sexes, local populations and among different species of octopus. And the phenograms based on caliper distance and superimposition method were compared with the hypothesis of Norman and Sweeney on Octopus phylogeny.
Samples of all 11 species of octopus, belonging to genus Cistopus and three species-group of genus Octopus were collected around the water of Taiwan. No significant differences on landmark shape between sexes of O. aegina and of O. marginatus were found through principal component analysis. Samples of O. marginatus from Tungkang and Dahsi could be discriminated through the first principal component. The result does not match with that from DNA sequence analysis already reported. Such conflicts were considered the result of environmental effects. Canonical discrimination method was used for two types of data, namely Procrustes residuals and caliper distances. All species were significantly different from each other. A discriminate function based on Procrustes residuals data reclassified 92.7% of the specimens correctly, incomparing to the 86.1% based on caliper distances. Phenogram constructed from a matrix of Mahalanobis distance (D2) also showed different result. It was concluded that: 1) Result of geomorphometric analysis based on landmark data is not compatible with the hypothesis of Norman and Sweeny. 2) Beak characters based on caliper distance are suitable for discrimination between genera or species-groups, and support the separation of O. luteus from O. minor and O. sp. TW35.
Our study suggests that, either traditional morphometric method or the new geomorphometric method is a better tool for showing environmental effects than for phylognetic studies.

1前言……………………………………………………1
2材料與方法……………………………………………7
3結果……………………………………………………11
4討論……………………………………………………18
5結論……………………………………………………23
6參考文獻………………………………………………24

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