金融海嘯重創全球經濟，企業存續產生重大危機。企業如何在困境中求生存，組織創新為重要因素之ㄧ，而知識分享為組織創新與競爭力之重要來源。過去，社會資本的研究學者，通常將社會資本視為一個整體構念來探討其功能及影響，本研究則先建構華人組織的內部社會資本，再探討社會資本要素中人際關係、制度規範與信任等構面間之相互關係及影響，並進一步瞭解三者對知識分享與組織創新之影響。最後，探討知識分享在社會資本與組織創新間之中介效果。
本研究之樣本來自科技產業、金融產業與醫療產業之知識工作者，計有385份有效問卷，分屬62家公司，透過迴歸分析與線性結構方程模型（SEM）之交叉驗證，研究結果發現：1. 組織內部之人際關係分別對制度規範與信任有正向顯著之影響；2. 組織內部之人際關係、制度規範分別對知識分享有正向顯著之影響；3. 組織內部之社會資本對組織創新有部分顯著正向之影響；4. 知識分享對組織創新有正向顯著之影響；5. 知識分享在社會資本與組織創新之間有部份中介之效果。
相關研究顯示，社會資本會直接影響組織創新，本研究認為，過程中應有些轉換機制，其中知識分享是很重要的因素，研究結果亦得到支持。此結果，補足探討社會資本（人際關係、制度規範與信任）對知識分享及組織創新之影響及中介效果等相關文獻之缺口。另外，本研究藉由文獻探討推導出人際關係、規範與信任三構面相互影響之理論模型，以作為後續研究之參考。最後，本研究將研究結論與建議提供學術研究及管理實務上之參考與應用。

In this era emphasizing the knowledge economy, corporate survival has been paid special attention following the financial depression. For the corporate under the era of knowledge economy, competitive advantages are from knowledge sharing and organizational innovation. More recently, literature has emerged that offers findings about social capital as a complete concept to explore its influences and functions. In this study, we seek to address the three dimensions, namely relationship, trust, and norms of the internal social capital in the context of Chinese culture and further explore the interactive relationships and influences among them.
Using the structure equation model, we use data collected 385 knowledge workers from the high-tech, financial and medical industries of Taiwan. The findings show that (1) relationship has positive influences on norms and trust; (2) the relationship, norms, and trust have positive influences on knowledge sharing; (3) the internal social capital has positive influences on organizational innovation; (4) knowledge sharing has a positive influence on organizational innovation; (5) knowledge sharing has partial mediating effects on social capital and organizational innovation.
Furthermore, we proposed a theoretical model of relationship, norms, and trust for future research. These findings could be useful in academic field and practical applications.

第一章 緒論 -------------------------------------------------------------------------1
第一節 研究背景與動機 ---------------------------------------------------1
第二節 研究目的 ------------------------------------------------------------4
第二章 文獻探討 ------------------------------------------------------------------6
第一節 社會資本 ------------------------------------------------------------6
第二節 知識分享 -----------------------------------------------------------30
第三節 組織創新 -----------------------------------------------------------34
第四節 社會資本與知識分享 --------------------------------------------37
第五節 社會資本、知識分享與組織創新 -----------------------------44
第三章 研究方法 -----------------------------------------------------------------49
第一節 研究架構 -----------------------------------------------------------49
第二節 研究假說 -----------------------------------------------------------50
第三節 研究對象與樣本分析 --------------------------------------------52
第四節 變數操作性定義與測量工具 -----------------------------------54
第五節 統計分析方法 -----------------------------------------------------65
第四章 研究結果 -----------------------------------------------------------------70
第一節 資料加總與量表品質 --------------------------------------------70
第二節 相關分析與假設檢定 --------------------------------------------73
第五章 結論與建議 --------------------------------------------------------------86
第一節 結論 -----------------------------------------------------------------86
第二節 研究意涵與建議 --------------------------------------------------91
第三節 研究限制與未來方向 --------------------------------------------95
參考文獻 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------97
附錄 問卷內容 -------------------------------------------------------------------118

一、中文文獻
方世杰、蔡馥陞、謝如梅，2003。團隊社會資本與團隊知識分享之關係：一個初探性的討論，第二屆21世紀產業經營管理學術研討會，國立高雄應用科技大學主辦。
方世榮、方世杰，2000。知識管理觀念架構的建立，商管科技季刊，1(3), 355-374。
任慶宗、胡訓立、劉士銘，2010。社會資本對創新績效之影響—知識資本的中介
效果，輔仁管理評論，17(1), 103-120.
何金銘，2001，統計法輯要，台南，台灣復文興業股份有限公司。
余明助，2006。組織變革不確定感與員工工作態度關係之研究-以組織溝通和員
工信任為中介變數，人力資源管理學報，6(2), 89-110。
余明助、郭柏亨、陳仁龍、鍾憶慈，2007。高科技產業之社會資本與組織創新：
以知識分享與吸收能力為中介變數，中華民國科技管理研討會論文集。
吳有順，2000。網路社群知識分享過程之研究-以企業管理教學網站為例，國立
政治大學企業管理學研究所碩士論文。
李元墩、吳濟民、艾昌瑞、涂嘉峪，2007。組織學習、知識分享與新產品開發績
效關係之研究：台灣知識密集產業之實證，科技管理學刊，12(1), 55-86。
汪美香、楊棠堯、黃國展，2006。知識分享方式與團隊學習能力對團隊創造力之
影響，資訊管理學報，16(1), 181-202。
周麗芳，2002。華人組織中的關係與社會網絡。本土心理學研究，台北，18,
175-228。
周麗芳、鄭伯勳、陳靜慧、任金剛、許金田，2005。華人高階管理者網絡中的特
殊連帶與人際情感：深層心理契合與正式工作關係的效果，本土心理學研
究，23, 201-257。
林南，2001。社會資本：爭鳴的範式和實證的檢驗。香港社會學學報，2, 1-38。
林義屏、黃俊英、董玉娟，2004。市場導向、組織學習、組織創新與組織績效間
關係之研究：以科學園區資訊電子產業為例，管理評論，23(1), 101-134。
林鉦棽、蕭淑月，2005。社會支持、信任-關係品質與知識分享行為關係之研究，
商管科技季刊，6(3), 373-400。
98
林鉦棽、蕭淑月、何慧清，2005。社會交換理論觀點下組織支持、組織知識分享
行為與組織公民行為相關因素之研究：以信任與關係為分析切入點，人力資
源管理學報，5(1), 77-110。
林鉦棽、王政智，2005。從社會交換理論與交易成本理論分析組織內之知識分享
行為，人力資源管理學報，5(2), 95- 119。
柯元達，2007。CEO 轉換型領導與權力支配性對組織績效的影響：高階經營團
隊社會資本的中介效果，國立中山大學人力資源管理研究所博士論文。
胡瑋珊譯，Thomas H. Davenport & Laurence Prusak 著，1999。知識管理：企業
組織如何有效運用知識，台北：中國生產力中心。
夏侯欣鵬，2000。權力與信任對組織內知識分享意願之研究-以銀行放款部門主
管為例，國立政治大學企業管理研究所，未出版博士論文。
徐瑋伶、鄭伯壎、黃敏萍，2002，華人企業領導人的員工歸類與管理行為。本土
心理學研究，台北，18, 51-94。
翁瑞宏、邱柏松、蔡文正、黃靖媛，2007。以知識基礎觀點探討聯盟網絡多元性
對醫院組織創新之影響，管理學報，24(5), 485-513。
康自立、蘇國楨、張菽萱、許世卿，2001。我國技職院校主管領導行為量表之發
展，人力資源管理學報，1(3), 43-57。
張火燦、劉淑寧，2002。從社會網絡理論探討員工知識分享，人力資源管理學報，
2(3), 101-113。
戚樹誠、林行宜，1994。企業高階主管親信關係之研究。管理科學學報，11(2),
281-312。
許世卿，民89。中國式領導行為模式在我國製造業之應用研究，國立彰化師範大
學工教系博士論文。
彭台光、高月慈、林鉦棽，2006。管理研究中的共同方法變異：問題本質、影響、
測試和補救，管理學報，23(1)，77-98。
費孝通，1948。鄉土中國與鄉土重建。上海：觀察社。
黃光國，1988。人情與面子：中國人的權力遊戲，7-56，台北：巨流圖書公司。
黃俊英，陳光榮，呂慈恩，2005。傳銷產業中信任關係與人際網絡之研究，第十
屆學術研討會論文集，61-81，上海。
黃英忠、曾榮豐，2008。政府採購、網絡關係與體制規範關係之研究，Training
& Development Fashion，7, 42-51。
99
黃英忠、曾榮豐、楊晴安，2007。社會資本與績效考核關係之研究，T&D飛
訊期刊，53, 22- 33。
黃家齊、王思峰，2008。團隊知識轉換能力組合與知識分享、知識創造及創新績
效-知識螺旋理論的新觀點驗證，組織與管理，1(1), 39-72。
黃家齊、林億明，2006。團隊導向人力資源管理活動及社會資本對團隊知識分享
與創新之影響，台大管理論叢，16(2), 101-130。
楊中芳，2001。有關關係與人情構念化之綜述。楊中芳主編，中國人的人際關係、
情感與信任，3-26。台北：遠流出版社。
楊宜音，2001。自己人：一項有關中國人關係分類的個案研究，本土心理學研究，
13, 277-316。
楊國樞，1993。中國人的社會取向：社會互動的觀點。見楊國樞、余安邦（主編）：
中國人的心理與社會行為—理念及方法篇。台北：桂冠圖書公司。
董玉娟，2004。知識分享意願影響前因之研究：威脅之情境效果，人力資源管理
學報，4(3), 117- 137。
廖佩涵，2005。國際人力資源管理活動與外派人員學習動機、知識分享關係之探
討-以知覺組織支持、信任為中介變數，國立成功大學國際企業研究所博士
論文。
廖述賢、費吳琛、王儀雯，2006。信任關係、工作滿足與知識分享關聯性之研究，
人力資源管理學報，6(3), 23-44。
廖述賢、費吳琛、陳志強，2006。知識分享、吸收能力與創新能力關聯性研究：
以台灣知識密集型產業為例，人力資源管理學報，6(2), 1-21。
廖國鋒、吳建平，2007。個體工作滿足、知識分享與組織創新能力之關聯性研究，
科技管理學刊，12(4), 1-34。
劉京偉(譯)，2000。勤業管理顧問公司(Arthur Andersen Business Consulting)，知
識管理的第一本書，商業周刊。
蔡啟通、黃國隆、高泉豐，2001。組織因素、組織成員整體創造性與組織創新之
關係，管理學報，18(4), 527-566。
蔡進雄，2010。國民小學教師心目中理想的校長領導行為之研究：本土化之觀點
與初探，教育經營與管理研究集刊，6, 27-50。
鄭伯壎，1995。差序格局與華人組織行為。本土心理學研究，3, 142-220。
100
鄭伯壎，1999。華人人際關係研究的困境與出路。本土心理學研究，12, 203-214。
羅萱，2007。追求卓越－體制力量與管理創新：台灣醫療產業之實證研究，管理
學報，24(5), 515-529。
二、英文文獻
Adler, P. S., 2001. Market, Hierarchy, and Trust: The Knowledge Economy and the
Future of Capitalism, Organization Science, 12, 215-234.
Afuah, A., 1998. Innovation Management: Strategies, Implementation, and Profits.
New York, Oxford University Press.
Ahuja, Manju K., Galletta, Dennis F., Carley, Kathleen M, 2003. Individual Centrality
and Performance in Virtual R&D Groups: An Empirical Study, Management
Science, 49(1), 21-38.
Alder P. S. & Keok Seok-Woo., 2000. Social Capital: the Good, the Bad, and the Ugly,
in Lesser E. L.(ed.). Knowledge and Social Capital: Foundations and
Applications, 89-115. Oxford: Butterworth - Heinemann press.
Alder, P. S. & Kwon, S. W., 2002. Social capital: Prospects for a new concept.
Academy of Management Review, 27(1), 17-40.
Amason, A. C. & Mooney, A. C., 1999. The effect of past performance on top
management team conflict in strategic decision making. The International
Journal of Conflict Management, 10(4), 340-359.
Anderson, J. C. & Gerbing, D. W., 1988. Structural equation modeling in practice: A
review & recommended two-step approach. Psychological Bulletin, 103(3),
411-423.
Anderson, P., Finkelstein, S., & Quinn J. B., 1996. Managing professional intellect:
Making the most of the best. Harvard Business Review, March-April, 42-53.
Badaracco, J., 1991. The knowledge link: How firms compete through strategic
alliance. Boston, Mass: Harvard Business School.
Baker, W., 1990. Market networks and corporate behavior. American Journal of
Sociology, 96, 589-625.
Belliveau, M. A., O’Reilly, C. A. III, & Wade, J. B. 1996. Social capital at the top:
Effect of social similarity and status on CEO compensation. Academy of
Management Journal, 39, 1568-1593.
101
Bentler, P. M., 1980. Multivariate-analysis with latent-variables - causal-modeling.
Annual Review of Psychology, 31, 419-456.
Bentler, P. M., 1986. Structural Modeling and Psychometrika: on Growth and
Achievements, Psychometrika, 51 (1), 35-51.
Berman, J., Costigan, R. D., & Ilter, S. S., 1998. A multi-dimensional study of trust in
organizations. Journal of Management Issues, 10, 303-317.
Bettencourt, L. A., Gwinner, K. P., & Meuter, M. L., 2001. A comparison of attitude,
personality, and knowledge predictors of service-oriented organizational
citizenship behaviors, Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(1), 29-41.
Blau, P. 1964. Exchange and power in social life. New York: Wiley.
Bliese, P. D., 2000. Within-group agreement, non-independence, and reliability:
Implications for data aggregation and analysis. In K.J. Klein & S.W. Kozlowski
(Eds.), Multilevel theory, research and methods in organizations, 349-381. San
Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Bock, G. W., Zmud, R.W., Kim, Y. G., & Lee, J. N., 2005. “Behavioral Intention
Formation in Knowledge Sharing: Examining the Role of Extrinsic Motivators,
Social-Psychological Force, and Organizational Climate.” MIS Quarterly, 29(1),
87-112.
Bollen, K. A., 1989. Structural equations with latent variables. New York: Wiley.
Bourdieu, P. & Wacquant, L. J. D., 1992. An Invitation to Reflexive Sociology.
Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Bourdieu, P., 1977. Outline of a theory of practice. Cambridge, England: Cambridge
University Press.
Bourdieu, P., 1985. The forms of capital. In J. G. Richardson (Ed.), Handbook of
theory and research for the sociology of education, 241-258. New York:
Greenwood.
Bouthillier, F., & Kathleen, S., 2002. Understanding knowledge management and
information management: the need for an empirical perspective, Information
research, 8, 1.
Boxman, E. A. W., De Graaf, P. M., & Flap, H. D., 1991. The impact of social and
human capital on the income attainment of Dutch managers. Social Networks.
Bradach, J. L., & Eccles, R. G., 1989. Price, authority and trust: From ideal types to
102
plural forms. Annual Review (of) Sociology, 15, 97-118.
Brass J., 1981. Structural relationship, job characteristics, and worker satisfaction and
performance, Administrative Science Quarterly, 26, 331-348.
Brass, J., 1992, Power in organizations: A social network perspective, In G. Moore &
J.A. White (Eds.), Research in Politics and Society. Greenwich, CT: JAI.
Brehm, J. & Rahn, W., 1997. Individual-level evidence for the causes and
consequences of social capital. American Journal of Political Science, 41,
999-1023.
Brian, P. H., 2001. Value development and learning organizations. Journal of
Knowledge Management, 5, 19-32.
Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R., 1993. Alternative ways of assessing model fit, in
testing structural equation models, Bollen, K. A. and Long, J. S. (eds.), Sage
Publications, Newbury Park, CA, 136-162.
Burgess, G. H., 1989. Industrial organization. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Burt, R. S., 1992. Structural Holes: The Social Structure of Competition. Harvard
University Press: Cambridge, MA.
Burt, R. S., 1997. The contingent value of social capital. Administrative Science
Quarterly, 42, 339-365.
Burt, R. S., 2005. Brokerage and closure, Oxford University Press, New York.
Burt, R. S., 2007. Secondhand brokerage: Evidence on the importance of local
structure for managers, bankers, and analysts, Academy of Management Journal,
90, 119-148.
Burt, R. S., 2008. Secondhand brokerage. Unpublished manuscript, University of
Chicago Graduate School of Business.
Burt, R. S., Camerer, C., Rousseau, S. B., & Sitkin, S. B. 1998. Not so different after
all: A cross-discipline view of trust. Academy of Management Review, 23,
393-404.
Cabrera, E. F. & Cabrera, A., 2005. Fostering Knowledge Sharing through People
Management Practices. International Journal of Human Resource
Management, 16(2): 720-735.
103
Cadenhead, A. C. & Richman, C. L., 1996. The Effects of Interpersonal Trust and
Group Status on Prosocial and Aggressive Behaviors. Social Behavior and
Personality, 24, 169-184.
Carlson, C. R., & Wilmot, W. W., 2006. Innovation: The five disciplines for creating
what customers want. New York: Crown Business.
Chacke, G. K. 1988. Technology Management-Application to Corporate Markets
and Military Missions, NY: Praeger.
Chan, D., 1998. Functional relations among constructs in the same content domain at
different levels of analysis: Atypology of composition models. Journal of
Applied Psychology, 83(2), 234-246.
Chin, W. W., & Todd, P., 1995. On the Use, Usefulness and Ease of Use of Structural
Equation Modeling in MIS Research: A Note of Caution, MIS Quarterly, 19(2),
237-246.
Chiu, C.M., Hsu, M. H., & Wang, E. T. G., 2006. Understanding Knowledge Sharing
in Virtual Communities: An Integration of Social Capital and Social Cognitive
Theories, Decision Support Systems, 42(3), 1872-1888.
Chou, L. F., Cheng, B. S., Huang, M. P., & Cheng, H. Y., 2006. Guanxi networks and
members’ effectiveness within Chinese work team: The mediating effect of the
centrality of trust networks. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 9(2), 79-95.
Chowdhury, S., 2005. The Role of Affect- and Cognition-based Trust in Complex
Knowledge Sharing, Journal of Managerial Issues, 17, 310-326.
Chung, S., Singh, H., & Lee, K., 2000. Complementarity, status similarity, and social
capital as drivers of alliance formation. Strategic Management Journal, 21,
1-22.
Clark J. & Guy. K., 1998. Innovation and Competitiveness: A Review. Technology
Analysis & Strategic Management, 10(3), 363-95.
Cohen, W., & Levinthal, D., 1990. Absorptive Capacity: A New Perspective on
Learning And Innovation. Administrative Science Quarterly, 35(1), 128-152.
Coleman, J. S. 1985. Schools, families, and children. Reyrson lestur, University of
Chicago.
Coleman, J. S. 1988. Social capital in the creation of human capital. American
Journal of Sociology, 94, 95-120.
104
Coleman, J. S. 1990. Foundations of social theory. Cambridge, MA: The Belknap
Press of Harvard University Press.
Colquitt, J., Janz, B., & Noe, R., 1997. Knowledge worker team effectiveness: The
role of autonomy, interdependence, team development, and contextual support
variables. Personal Psychology, 32, 75-98.
Cook, J., & Wall, T., 1980. New work attitude measures of trust, organizational
commitment and personal need nonfulfillment. Journal of Occupational
Psychology, 53, 39-52.
Currie, G., & Suhomlinova, O., 2006. The Impact of Institutional Forces upon
Knowledge Sharing in the UK NHS: The Triumph of Professional Power and the
Inconsistency of Policy. Public Administration, 84(1): 1-30.
Daft, R. L. 2005. Fundamentals of organization theory and design (8th ed.).
Cincinnati, OH: South-Western College Publishing.
Dakhli, M. & Clercq, D. D. 2004. Human Capital, Social Capital, and Innovation:A
Multi-country Study. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 16, 107-128.
Damanpour, F. 1991. Organizational Innovation: A Meta Analysis of Effects of
Determinants and Moderators, Academy of Management Journal, 34(3),
555-590.
Damanpour, F. K. W. M. Evan., 1984. Organizational Innovation and Performance:
The Problem of Organizational Lag. Administrative Science Quarterly, 29(3),
392-409.
Damanpour, F., & Wischnevsky, J. D., 2006. Research on innovation in organizations:
Distinguishing innovation-generating from innovation-adopting organizations.
Journal of Engineering and Technology Management, 23, 269-291.
Davenport T. H., & Prusak, L., 1997. Working Knowledge: How Organizations
Manage What They Know. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.
Davenport, T. H., & Prusak, L., 1998. Working knowledge. Boston: Harvard Business
School Press.
Davis, J. H., Mayer, R. C., & Schoorman, F. D., 1995. An integration model of
organizational trust. Academy of Management Review, 20, 29-61.
DiMaggio, P. J., & Powell, W. W., 1983. The iron cage revisited: Institutional
Isomorphism and collective rationality in organizational fields. American
105
Sociological Review, 48, 147-160.
DiMaggio, P. J., & Powell, W. W., 1991. The new institutionalism in organizational
analysis. University of Chicago Press.
Dixon, N. D. 2000. Common knowledge: How companies thrive by sharing what
they know. Harvard Business School Press, Boston.
Dougherty, D. 2001. Reimagining the differentiation and integration of work for
sustained product innovation. Organizational Science, 12(5), 612-631.
Dougherty, D., & Bowman, E. H., 1995. The effect of organizational downsizing of
product innovation. California Management Review, 37(4), 28-44.
Drucker, P. 1998. Peter Drucker on the profession of management. The President and
Fellows of Harvard College.
Drucker, P. F. 1999. “Knowledge-Worker Productivity: The Biggest Challenge.”
California Management Review, 41: 79-94.
Dyer, J. H., & Nobeoka, K., 2000. Creating and managing a high-performance
knowledge-sharing network: The Toyota case. Strategic Management Journal,
21, 345-367.
Erickson, B. H. 1988. The relational basis of attitudes. In B. Wellman & S.D.
Berknwitz (Eds.), Social structures: A network approach, 99-121. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press.
Fan, Y. 2002. Guanxi’s consequences: personal gains at social cost. Journal of
Business Ethics, 38, 371-380.
Farh, J. L., & Tsui, A. S., 1997. Where guanxi matters: Relational demography and
guanxi and technology. Work and Occupations, 24: 56-79.
Farh, J. L., Tsui, A. S., Xin, K., & Cheng, B.S., 1998. The influence of relational
demography and guanxi: The Chinese case. Organization Science, 9(4),
471-487.
Fco, J. L. M., Moreno, A. R., & Morales, V. G., 2005. Influence of leadership and
teamwork cohesion on organizational learning, innovation and performance: An
empirical examination. Technovation, 25, 1159-1172.
Fiske, S. T., Kenny, D. A., & Taylor, S. E., 1982. Structural models for the mediation
of salience effects on attribution. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,
18 (2), 105-127.
106
Fukuyama, F. 1995. Trust: Social Virtues and the Creation of Prosperity. London:
Management Publications Trust.
Fukuyama, F. 1997. Social capital and the modern capitalist economy: Creating a
hightrust workplace. Stern Business Magazine, 4(1).
Fukuyama, F. 1998. Trust: the Social Virtues and the Creation of Prosperity. New
Century Publishing.
Gabbay, S. M. & Leenders, R. Th. A. J., 1999. CSC: The Structure of Advantage and
Disadvantage. In: R. Th. A. J. Leenders & S. M. Gabbay (Eds). Corporate Social
Capital and Liability. 1-14. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
George, J. M. & Bettenhausen, K., 1990. Understanding prosocial behavior, sales
performance, and turnover: A group-level analysis in a service context. Journal
of Applied Psychology, 75(6), 698-709.
George, J., & Jones, G., 1998. The experience and evolution of trust: Implications for
cooperation and teamwork. Academy of Management Review, 23, 158-169.
Gerhart, B., 1999. Human Resource Management and Firm Performance:
measurement issues and their effect on causal and policy inferences. In
P.Wright, L. D. Dyer, J.W. Boudreau & G. T. Milkovich (eds.), Research in
personnel and human resources management: Strategic human resources
management in the 21st century, Supplement 4: 31-51. Greenwich, CT: JAI
Press.
Germain R., Cornelia D., & William C., 2001. The mediating role of operations
knowledge in the relationship of context with performance, Journal of
Operations Management, 19, 453-469.
Glick, W. H., 1985. Conceptualizing and measuring organizational and psychological
climate: pitfalls in multilevel research. Academy of Management Review, 10(3),
601-616.
Goes, J. B., & Park, S. H., 1997. Interorganizational Links and. Innovation: The Case
of Hospital Services, Academy of. Management Journal, 40(3), 673-696.
Gopalakrishnan, S., & Damanpour, F., 1997. A Review of Innovation Research in
Economics, Sociology and Technology Management, Omega- International
Journal of Management Science, 25(1), 15-28.
Granovetter, M. S. 1992. Problems of explanation in economic sociology. In N.
Nohria & R. Eccles (Eds.), Networks & organizations: Structure, form & action,
107
25-56. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.
Grant, R. M. 1996. Prospering in dynamically- competitive environments:
Organizational capability as knowledge integration. Organization Science, 7(4),
375-387.
Gregory, M., & Ricky, W. G., 2001. Organizational behavior. New York: Houghton
Mifflin Co.
Gupta A. K., & Govindarajan V., 2000. Knowledge flows within multinational
corporations. Strategic Management Journal, 21, 473-496.
Hair, J. F. Jr., Anderson, R. E., Tatham, R. L., & Black, W. C., 1998. Multivariate data
analysis (5th ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Hamel, G., C. K. Prahalad, H. Thomas, & D. O'Neal., 1999. Strategic Flexibility:
Managing in a Turbulent Environment, New York, John Wiley.
Hansen, M. T. 1999. The search-transfer problem: the role of weak ties in sharing
knowledge across organization subunits. Administrative Science Quarterly,
44(1), 82-111.
Hayduk, L. 1987. Structural equation modeling with LISREL. Baltimore: Johns
Hopkins University Press.
Hedlund, G. 1994. A Model of knowledge management and the N-form corporation.
Strategic Management Journal, 15, 73-90.
Henderson, R. M., & Clark, K. B., 1990. Architectural innovation: The
reconfiguration of existing product technologies and the failure of established
firm. Administrative Science Quarterly, 35, 286-316.
Hendricks, P. 1999. Why Share Knowledge? The Influence of ICT on Motivation for
Knowledge Sharing. Knowledge and Process Management, 6(2), 91-100.
Hickins, M. 1999. Xerox shares it knowledge, Management Review, 88(8), 40-45.
Hill, W. L., & Jones, R., 1998. Strategic Management Theory. California
Management Review, 4, 41-65.
Hodge, B. J., Anthony, W. P., & Gales, L. M., 1996. Organization theory-strategic
approach. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Hoelter, J. W., 1983. The Analysis of Covariance Structures: Goodness-of-fit Indices.
Sociological Methods and Research, 11, 325-344.
108
Holt, K. 1983. User-oriented product innovation: Some research findings.
Technovation, 3(3), 199-208.
Homans, G. C. 1958. Social behavior as exchange. The American Journal of
Sociology, 597-606.
Hong, P., Doll, W. J., Nahm, A. Y., & Li, X., 2004. Knowledge Sharing in Integrated
Product Development, European Journal of Innovation Management, 7(2),
102-112.
Hooff, B. D., & Weenen, F. L., 2004. Committed to share: commitment and CMC use
as antecedents of knowledge sharing, Knowledge and Process Management,
11(1), 13-24.
Hoyle, R. H. 1995. Structural equation modeling: Concept, issues, & applications,
Thous&s Oak, CA: Sage.
Hsu, M. H., Ju, T. L., Yen, C. H., & Chang, C. H., 2007. Knowledge sharing behavior
in virtual communities: The relationship between trust, self-efficacy, and
outcome expectations. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies,
65(2), 153-169.
Hu, L. & Bentler, P. M., 1999. Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure
analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives, Structural Equation
Modelling, 6(1), 1-55.
Inglehart, R. 1997. Modernization and post-modernization: Cultural, economic, and
political change in 43 societies. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Inkpen, Andrew C., & Tsang, Eric W. K., 2002. Social Capital, Networks, and
Knowledge Transfer, Academy of Management Review, 16(1), 146-165.
Jacobs, B. J. 1979. A preliminary model of particularistic ties in China political
alliances: Kan-ching and kuan-his in a rural Taiwanese township. China
Quarterly, 78, 237-273.
James, L. R., Demaree, R. G., & Wolf, G., 1984. Estimating within-group interrater
reliability with and without response bias. Journal of Applied Psychology, 69(1),
85-98.
James, L. R., Demaree, R. G., & Wolf, G., 1993. R(wg): An assessment of
within-group interrater agreement. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78 (2),
306-309.
109
James, L., Mulaik, S., & Brett, J., 1982. Causal analysis: Assumptions, models &
data. Beverly, Hill, CA: Sage.
Joreskog, K. G., & Sorbom, D., 2001. LISREL 8, User’s reference guide.
Lincolnwood: Scien-tific Software International.
Kale, P., Singh, H., & Perlmutter, H., 2000. Learning and Protection of Proprietary
Assets in Strategic Alliances: Building Relational Capital. Strategic
Management Journal, 21, 217-237.
Kanter, R. N. 1988. When a thousand flowers bloom: Structural, collective, and social
conditions for innovation in organization. Researcher in Organizational
Behavior, 10, 169-211.
Kearns, G. S., & Lederer, A.L., 2003. A Resource-Based View of Strategic IT
Alignment: How Knowledge Sharing Creates Competitive Advantage, Decision
Science, 34(1), 1-29.
Kim, W. C., & Mauborgne, R. A., 1998. Procedural justice, strategic decision-making,
and the knowledge economy. Strategic Management Journal, 19, 323-338.
Kimberly, J. R., & Evanisko, M. J., 1981. Organizational Innovation: The Influence of
Individual, Organizational, and Contextual Factors on Hospital Adoption of
Technological and Administrative Innovations, Academy of Management
Journal, 24(4), 689-713.
Klein, K. J., & Sorra, J. S., 1996. The challenge of innovation implementation.
Academy of Management Review, 21, 1055-1080.
Knoke, D. 1999. Organizational networks and corporate social capital. In Roger Th. A.
J. Leenders & Shaul M. Gabbay (Eds.), Corporate social capital and liability,
17-42. Boston: Kluwer.
Koh, J. and Kim, Y., 2004. Knowledge sharing in virtual communities: an e-business
perspective, Expert Systems with Applications, 26, 155-166.
Koka, B. R., & Prescott, J. E., 2002. Strategic alliances as social capital: a
multidimensional view. Strategic management journal, 23(9), 794-816.
Kozlowski, S.W. & Hattrup, K., 1992. A disagreement about within-group agreement:
Disentangling issues of consistency versus consensus. Journal of Applied
Psychology, 77(2), 161-167.
Kramer, P. M. 1999. Trust and distrust in organizations: Emerging perspectives,
110
enduring questions. Annual Review of Psychology, 50, 569-598.
Kurtzberg, T. R., & Amabile, T. M., 2001. From Guilford to Creative Synergy:
Opening the Black Box of Team-Level Creativity, Creativity Research Journal,
13(3), 285-294.
Lahti R. K., & Beyerlein M. M., 2000. Knowledge Transfer and Management
Consulting: A Look at the Firm. Business Horizons, January-February, 65-74.
Lam, A. 1997. Embedded firms, embedded knowledge: Problems of collaboration and
knowledge transfer in global cooperative ventures. Organization Studies, 18(6),
973-996.
Leana, C. R. & Van Buren, H. J., 1999. Organizational social capital & employment
practices. Academy of Management Review, 24, 538-556.
Lee, J. N. 2001. The impact of knowledge sharing, organizational capability and
partnership quality on IS outsourcing success, Information & Management,
38(5), 323-340.
Lee, S. H., Wong, P. K., & Chong, C. L., 2005. Human and Social Capital
Explanations for R&D Outcomes. IEEE Transactions on Engineering
Management, 52(1), 59-68.
Lesser, E. L., 2000. Knowledge and Social Capital: Foundations and Applications.
MA: Butterworth- Heinemann.
Liao, S. H., Chang, J. C., Cheng, S. C. & Kuo, C. M., 2004. Employee Relationship
and Knowledge Sharing: A Case Study of A Taiwanese Finance and Securities
Firm. Knowledge Management Research & Practice, 2, 24-34.
Liden, R. C., & Maslyn, J. M., 1998. Multidimensionality of leader-member exchange:
an empirical assessment through scale development. Journal of Management,
24, 43-72.
Lin, M.Q., & Kuo, J.H., 2006. The influence of social capital on cluster-based
knowledge sharing and value creation: An empirical analysis of the Hsinchu
Science-based Industrial Park in Taiwan. Management Review, 13(3), 1-38.
Lin, N. 2001. Social capital: A theory of social structure and action. UK: Cambridge
Uni. Press.
Lin, N. 2002. Social Capital. Cambridge.
Loury, G. 1992. The economics of discrimination: Getting to the core of the problem.
111
Harvard Journal for African American Public Policy, 1, 91-110.
Lumpkin, G. T., & Dess, G. G., 1996. Clarifying the entrepreneurial orientation
construct and linking it to performance. Academy of Management Review, 21(1),
135-172.
Makela, K., Kalla, H. K. & Piekkari, R., 2007. Interpersonal Similarity as a Driver of
Knowledge Sharing Within Multinational Corporations. International Business
Review, 16(1), 1-22.
Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S., 1991. Culture and the self: Implications for cognition,
emotion, and motivation. Psychological Review, 98(2), 224-253.
Master, M. 1999. Making it work. Across the Board, 36(8), 21.
McAllister, D. J., 1995. Affect and cognition based trust as foundations for
interpersonal cooperation in organizations. Academy of Management Journal,
38, 24-59.
McDonald, R.E., Srinivasan, N. 2004. Technological innovations in hospitals: what
kind of competitive advantage does adoption lead to?, International Journal of
Technology Management, 28(1), 103.
McEvily, B., & Reagans, R., 2003. Knowledge Structure and Knowledge Transfer:
The Effects of Cohesion and Range. Administrative Science Quarterly, 48,
240-267.
McEvily, B., & Zaheer, A., 1999. Bridging ties: a source of firm heterogeneity in
competitive capabilities, Stratege Management Journal, 20, 1133-1156.
McGahan, A. M. 2004. How industries evolve: Principles for achieving and
sustaining superior performance. Boston: Harvard Business Press.
Meyer, J. W., & Rowan, B., 1977. Institutionalized Organizations: Formal Structure as
Myth and Ceremony. American Journal of Sociology, 83, 340-363.
Moon, Y. J., & Kym, H. G., 2006. A model for the value of intellectual capital.
Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences, 23(3), 253-269.
Moran, P. 2005. Structural vs. relational embeddedness: Social capital and managerial
performance. Strategic Management Journal, 26, 1129-1151.
Nahapiet, J. & Ghoshal, S., 1998. Social Capital, Intellectual Capital, and the
Organizational Advantage, Academy of Management Review, 23(2), 242-266.
112
Nancy, M. D. 2000. Common knowledge: How companies thrive by sharing what
they know. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.
Nelson, K.M. & Cooprider, J. G., 1996. The contribution of shared knowledge to IS
group performance, MIS Quarterly, 20(4), 409-429.
Nelson, R. R., & Winter, S. G., 1982. An evolutionary theory of economic change.
Cambridge, M.A.: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
Noar, S. M. 2003. The role of structural equation modeling in scale development:
Structural Equation Modeling, A Multidisciplinary Journal, 10(4), 622-647.
Nonaka, I. 1994. A dynamic theory of organizational knowledge creation,
Organization Science, 5(1), 14-37.
Nonaka, I., & Konno, N., 1998. The concept of "ba": Building a foundation for
knowledge creation, California Management Review, 40(3), 40-54.
Nonaka, I., & Takeuchi, H., 1995. The Knowledge-Creating Company, Oxford
University Press.
North, D. 1990. Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Reformance, New
York: Norton.
Nyhan, R. C., & Marlowe, H. A., 1997. The Psychometric Properties of
Organizational Trust. Evaluation Review, 21, 614-635.
Panteli, N., & Sockalingam, S., 2005. Trust and Conflict within Virtual Interorganizational
Alliances: A Framework for Facilitating Knowledge Sharing,
Decision Support Systems, 39(4), 599- 617.
Pearce, J. L. 1993. Toward an organizational behavior of contract laborers: Their
psychological involvement and effects on employee co-workers. Academy of
Management Journal, 36, 1082-1096.
Peng, M. W., & Heath, P. S., 1996. The growth of the firm in planned economics in
transition: Institutions, organizations, and strategic choice. Academy of
Management Review, 21(2), 492-528.
Peng, S.Q. 1998. Guanxi in trust: An indigenous study of Chinese interpersonal
trust. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Hong Kong.
Pennar, K. 1997. The ties that lead to prosperity: The economic value of social bonds
is only beginning to be measured. Business Weeks, 15, 153-155.
113
Pfeffer, J. 1998. The human equation: Building profits by putting people first.
Boston: Harvard Business School Press.
Polanyi, M. 1962. Personal knowledge: Towards a post-critical philosophy. New
York: Harper Torchbooks.
Polanyi, M. 1967. The Tacit Dimension, New York: M.E. Sharp Inc.
Portes, A., & Sensenbrenner, J., 1993. Embedeness and Immigration: Notes on the
Social Determinantes of Economic Action. American Journal of Sociology, 98,
1320-1350.
Portes, A., 1998. Social capital: Its origins and applications in modern sociology.
Annual Review of Sociology, 24, 1-24.
Putnam, R. D. 1993. The Prosperous Community: Social Capital and Public Life.
American Prospect, 13, 35-42.
Putnam, R. D. 1995. Bowling alone: American’s declining social capital. Journal of
Democracy, 6(1), 66-78.
Putnam, R. D. 1995. Tuning in, tuning out: the strange disapperence of social capital
in America. Political Science & Politics, 28(4), 664.
Putnam, R. D. 2000. Bowling Alone: The collapse and revival of American
community. New York: Simon & Schuster.
Quigley, N. R., Tesluk, P. E., Locke, E. A. & Bartol, K. M., 2007. A Multilevel
Investigation of the Motivational Mechanisms Underlying Knowledge Sharing
and Performance. Organization Science, 18(1), 71-88.
Quinn, J. B., Anderson, P., & Finkelstein, S., 1996. Managing professional intellect:
Making the most of the best. Harvard Business Review, 74(2), 71-80.
Reagans, R., & McEvily, B., 2003. Network structure and knowledge transfer: the
effects of cohesion and range, Administrative Science Quarterly, 48, 240-267.
Redding, S. G., Norman, A., & schlander, A., 1993. The nature of individual
attachment to the organization: a review of East Asia variations. In M.D.
Munnette & L.M. Hough (Eds.), Handbook of Industrial and Organizational
Psychology, 4, 647-688. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychology Press.
Rice, R. E., & Aydin, C., 1991. Attitudes toward new organizational technology:
Network proximity as a mechanism for social information processing.
Administrative Science Quarterly, 9(4), 219-244.
114
Robbins, S. P., 2001. Organizational behavior (9th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ:
Prentice-Hall.
Robert, D. C., Selim, S. I. & Jason, J. B., 1998. A Multi-Dimensional Study of Trust
in Organizations, Journal of Managerial Issue, 10, 303-317.
Rogers, E. and Kincaid, D. L., 1981. Communication networks: A paradigm for new
research. New York: Free Press.
Rogers, E. M., 1995. Diffusion of Innovation.4th ed. Detroit, The Free Press.
Rubio, D. M., Berg-Weger, M., & Tebb, S. S., 2001. Using structural equation
modeling to test for multidimensionality. Structural Equation Modeling, 8(4),
613-626.
Samson, D. 1991. Manufacturing and Operations Strategy. Melbourne. Prentice
Hall.
Sarah MacCurtain, Patrick C. Flood, Nagarajan Ramamoorthy, Michael A. West
Jeremy F. Dawson., 2008. Top team trust, knowledge sharing and innovation.
The Learning, Innovation and Knowledge (Link) Research Centre Working
Paper Series. WP 05-08, 1-26.
Schermelleh-Engel, K., Moosbrugger, H., & Muller, H., 2003. Evaluating the Fit of
Structural Equation Models: Tests of Significance and Descriptive Goodness- of-
Fit Measures. Methods of Psychological Research Online, 8(3), 23-74.
Schiff, M., 1992. Social capital, labor mobility, and welfare: The impact of uniting
states. Rationality and Society, 4, 157-175.
Schuller, T., Baron, S., & Field, J., 2000. Social Capital: A Review and Critique. In S.
Baron, J. Field and T. Schuller (eds.), Social Capital: Critical Perspectives. New
York: Oxford University Press.
Scott, R. 1987. The adolescence of institutional theory. Administrative Science
Quarterly, 32, 493-511.
Scott, W.R., & Christensen, S., 1995. The Institutional Construction of Organizations-
International and Longitudinal Studies, SAGE Publications.
Selznick, P., 1957. Leadership in Administration, Harper & Row, New York.
Senge, P., 1997. Sharing Knowledge. Executive Excellence, 14(11), 17-18.
Serageldin, I. & Grootaert, C., 1996. Defining social capital: an integrating view.
115
Evaluation & Development: The Institutional Dimenesion.
Settoon, R. P., Bennett, N., & Liden, R. C., 1996. Social exchange in organizations:
Perceived organizational support, leader-member exchange, and employee
reciprocity. Journal of Applied Psychology, 81(3), 219-227.
Shan, L. P., & Scarrough, H., 1999. Knowledge Management in Practice: An
Exploratory Case Study, Technology Analysis & Strategic Management, 11(3),
359-74.
Smith, K. G., Collins, G. J., & Clark, K. D., 2005. Existing Knowledge, Knowledge
Creation Capability, and the Rate of New Product Introduction in
High-Technology Firms, Academy of Management Journal, 48(2), 346-357.
Sparrowe, R.T., Liden, R.C., & Kraimer, Sparrowe, R.T., Liden, R.C., Wayne, S.J.
and Kraimer, M.L., 2001. Social Networks and the Performance of Individuals
and Groups, Academy of Management Journal, 44(2), 316-325.
Spek, R., & Spijkervet, A., 1997. Knowledge Management: Dealing Intelligently with
Knowledge, Knowledge Management and Its Integrative Elements, New York:
CRC Press.
Spender, J. C., & Grant, R. M., 1996. Knowledge ant the firm. Strategic Management
Journal, 17, 5-9.
Stauffer, D., 1999. Why people hoard knowledge. Across the Board, 36(8), 16-21.
Steiger, J. H., & Lind, J. C., 1980. Statistically based tests for the number of common
factors. Paper presented at the Society of Psychometric Society annual meeting,
Iowa City, IA.
Stewart, T. 1997. Intellectual capital: The new wealth of organization. New Your:
Doubleday.
Subramaniam, M. & Youndt, M. A., 2005. The influence of intellectual capital on the
types of innovative capabilities. Academy of Management Journal, 48(3),
450-463.
Teece, D. J. 1998. Capturing value from knowledge assets: The new economy,
markets for know-how, and intangible assets, California Management Review,
40(3), 55-79.
Thomas, C. Y. 1996. Capital markets, financial markets and social capital. Social and
Economic Studies, 45(2 & 3), 1-23.
116
Tidd, J. Bessant, J. & Pavitt, K., 2005. Managing Innovation: Integrating
Technological, Market and Organizational Change.
Tolbert, P. S. & Zucker, L. G., 1983. Institutional sources of change in the formal
structure of organizations: The diffusion of civil service reform, 1880-1935,
Administrative Science Quarterly,.28, 22-39.
Tsai W., & Ghoshal S., 1998. Social capital and value creation: The role of intrafirm
networks. Academy of Management Journal, 41(4), 464-476.
Tsui, A.S., Farh, J.L., & Xin, K., 1997. Where guanxi matters: Relational demography
and guanxi in the Chinese context, Work & Occupations, 24 (1), 56-79.
Tushman, M., & Nadler, D., 1986. Organizing for Innovation. California
Management Review, 28(3), 74-92.
Uzzi, B., 1996. The sources and consequences of embeddedness for the economic
performance of organization: The network effect. American Sociological Review,
61, 674-698.
Venkatraman, N. & Grant, J. H., 1986. Construct measurement in organizational
strategy research: A critique and proposal. Academy of Management Review, 11
(1), 71-87.
Von Krogh, G., 1998. Care in knowledge creation. California Management Review,
40(3), 133-153.
Wasko, M. M. & Faraj, S., 2005. Why should I Share? Examining Social Capital and
Knowledge Contribution in Electronic Networks of Practice, MIS Quarterly,
29(1), 35-57.
Wiig, K. M., 1993. Knowledge management foundations: thinking about thinking:
how people and organizations create, represent, and use knowledge, Arlington,
Tex.: Schema Press.
Wijnhoven, F., 1998. Knowledge Logistic in Business Contexts: Analyzing and
Diagnosing Knowledge Sharing by Logistic Concepts, Knowledge and Process
Management, 5(3), 143-157.
Wolfe, R. A., 1994. Organizational Innovation: Review, Critique and Suggested
Research Directions, Journal of Management Studies, 31(3), 405-431.
Woolcock, M. 1998. Social capital and economic development: Toward a theoretical
synthesis and policy framework. Theory and Society, 27, 151-208.
117
Wright, P. M. & Boswell, W. R., 2002. Desegregating HRM: A review and synthesis
of micro and macro human resource management research. Journal of
Management, 28(3), 247-276.
Xin, K.R., & Pearce, J.L., 1996. Guanxi: Connections as substitutes for structural
support. Academy of Management Journal, 36, 1641-1658.
Ye, S., Chen, H., & Jin, X., 2006. An Empirical Study of What Drives Users to Share
Knowledge in Virtual Communities. Lecture Notes in Computer Science,
563-575.
Yli-Renko, H., Autio, E., & Sapienza, H. J., 2001. Social Capital, Knowledge
Acquisition, and Knowledge Exploitation in Young Technology-Based Firms.
Strategic Management Journal, 22 (6/7), 587-613.
Yli-Renko, H., Autio, E., & Tontti, V., 2002. Social capital, knowledge, and the
international growh of technology-based new firms. International Business
Review, 11, 279-304.
Zarraga, C. & Bonache, J., 2003. Assessing the Team Environment for Knowledge
Sharing: An Empirical Analysis. International Journal of Human Resource
Management, 14(7), 1227-1245.
Zarraga, C., & Garcia-Falcon, M., 2003. Factors Favoring Knowledge Management in
Work Teams. Journal of Knowledge Management, 7(2), 81-96.
Zucker, L. G., 1987. Institutional Theories of Organization, Annual Review of
Sociology, 13, 443-464.