長久以來我國的港埠服務一直由行政組織的港務局所提供。為因應自由化浪潮與日益嚴峻的競爭環境，政府亟思藉由港務局的組織改造來提高高雄港的營運效能。組織改造必須蘊含經濟理性才能達到提高競爭力之目標。本研究藉由檢驗高雄港務局主要營運業務的成本特性，以提出具有成本效益的業務組合與政府管理港埠經營的原則。本研究使用民國86年1月至民國90年12月的統計資料，以Fourier成本函數建立一個三種投入〈勞動、資本與中間投入〉與三種產出〈停泊、裝卸與倉儲業務〉的分析模型。實證結果為1.個別業務成本與港埠整體業務成本均具有顯著性的規模經濟與範疇經濟特性。2.裝卸與倉儲業務在目前營運量下有剩餘產能。3.停泊與裝卸兩項業務具有成本互補性。本文的結論是：目前港務局的主要營運項目應在適度的管制下引入競爭機制。因此，政府應設計符合經濟理性的管理規則以實現成本節省的利益。由於港埠業務無法完全藉由市場機制達到提高經濟效率，因而需有代表社會利益的機構管理監督港埠營運以確保社會最大利益。

This paper provides a cost-efficient business mix and principles of regulation for the Kaohsiung Harbor Bureau. The authors use a multi-product model that represents port operations with three variables: mooring, stevedoring, and warehousing. A Fourier cost function is used to calculate several cost indicators. The sample covers monthly data in 1997-2001. By analyzing the cost indicators obtained, it is found that both individual operations and all of the operations together as a whole exhibit significant economies of scale and scope. Moreover, the presence of excess capacity in stevedoring and warehousing have been detected, as well as a presence of cost complement between mooring and stevedoring. Port operations cannot improve economic efficiency with perfect competition. On the contrary, the government should design economically reasonable regulations. Because port operations can not improve economic efficiency by market mechanism, port operations should be regulated by a proper authority in order to effectuate maximum social welfare.

第一章 緒論 P.01
第一節 研究動機與研究目的 P.01
第二節 研究方法與研究架構 P.03
第三節 資料來源與研究限制 P.05
第二章 高雄港港埠作業概況與經營分析 P.07
第一節 港埠作業概況 P.08
第二節 港埠經營分析 P.12
第三章 文獻回顧 P.23
第一節 港埠成本特性相關文獻 P.23
第二節 Fourier成本函數相關文獻 P.31
第四章 理論基礎 P.33
第一節 規模經濟與範疇經濟 P.33
第二節 生產函數與成本函數的對偶關係 P.46
第三節 負的邊際成本 P.53
第五章 實證模型與資料說明 P.61
第一節 實證模型 P.61
第二節 資料蒐集 P.68
第三節 變數定義 P.69

第六章 實證結果與說明 P.73
第一節 Fourier成本函數的推估與模擬 P.73
第二節 規模經濟之推估與檢定 P.81
第三節 範疇經濟之推估與檢定 P.84
第七章 結論與建議 P.89
第一節 結論 P.89
第二節 建議 P.90
參考文獻 P.91
附錄 P.103
附表 P.107

參考文獻

一、中文部分

王丘明(2000)，港埠管理，台北：華泰文化事業股份有限公司。
王小娥、吳雅音(1993)，「台鐵多元產出成本結構之分析」，運輸計劃季刊，22(3)，259-290。
王美惠(2002)，台灣銀行業經濟效率與規模經濟分析－參數法與無參數法之比較，台北：淡江大學未出版之博士論文。
李樑堅、陳昭宏(1999)，「高雄港碼頭工人僱用合理化及裝卸作業民營化過程探討分析」，公營事業評論，1(2)，51-65。
吳榮貴、王旭堂(1995)，台灣地區港埠自由化問題與對策之研究，行政院經建會經濟研究處委託研究計劃。
倪安順、楊幼文、邱佩諄(1999)，台灣地區國際商港港埠長期發展趨勢與策略之研究，交通部運輸研究所委託研究計劃。
孫智嫻、李淳(2000)，我國國際港口管理機構組織革新模式之探討，公營事業評論技術報告第八期，中山大學管理學術研究中心。
張玉山、孫智嫻(2000)，「港埠產業特質與其管制革新原則」，高雄港，165，9-16。
張淑娟、王小娥、張有恆(1992)，「台灣地區國內航空業成本結構之研究」，運輸計劃季刊，21(3)，335-366。
劉金鳳(1994)，「港埠與港埠成本」，今日會計季刊，58，14-31。
羅秀青(1992)，台灣省國際港營運作業成本、利潤分析，台北：台灣大學未出版之碩士論文。

二、英文部分
Altunbas, Y., Liu, M. H., Molyneux, P. & Seth, R. (2000). "Efficiency and risk in Japanese banking". Journal of banking and Finance, 24, 1605-1628.
Asai, S., & Nemoto, J. (1997). A test of natural monopoly on local telecommunications services. Discussion paper series, No.1997-07. http://www.iptp.go.jp/reserch_e/discus/telecom/1997/07/199707-all.pdf
Ashton, J. (1998). Cost efficiency and UK building societies. An econometric panel-data study employing a flexible Fourier functional form. Bournemouth University, School of Finance & Law. Working paper series. No.8.。http://www.bournemouth.ac.uk/fal/pdfs/08.pdf
Austvik, O. G. (2000). Economics of natural gas transportation.
http://www.hil.no/biblioteket/ forskning/forsk53/53.htm#TopOfPage
Baños-Pino, J., Coto-Millán, P., & Rodríguez-Alvarez, A. (1999). "Allocation efficiency and over-capitalization: an application", International Journal of Transport Economics, 26(2), 181-199.
Bates, B. J. (1988). "Information as an economic good: sources of individual and social value", In V. Mosco and J. Wasko (eds.), The Political Economy of Information, University of Wisconsin Press, 76-94.
——(1999). "Reinvigorating fair use: A social economics approach". International communication association annual conference, San Francisco CA.
http://excellent.com.utk.edu /~bates/papers/ica99fu.html.
Baumal, W. J., Panzar, J. C., & Willig, R. D.(1982). Contestable markets and the theory of industrial structure, New York: Harcourt Brace Javanovich.
Berg, S. V., & Tschirhart, J. (1988). Natural monopoly regulation: principles and practice, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
Berger, A. N., & Humphrey, D. B. (1997). "Efficiency of financial institutions: International survey and directions for future research". European Journal of Operational Research, 98, 175-212.
Berger, A. N., Leusner, J. H. & Mingo, J. J. (1997). "The efficiency of bank branches". Journal of Monetary Economics, 40, 141-162.
Berger, A. N., & Mester, L. J. (1997). "Inside the black box: What explains differences in the efficiencies of financial institutions". Journal of Banking and Finance, 21, 895-947.
Berger, A. N., Hunter, W. C & Timme, S. G.. (1993). "The efficiency of financial institutions: A review and preview of research of past, present and future". Journal of Banking and Finance, 17, 221-249.
Breush, T., & Pagan, A. (1979). "A simple test for Heteroscedasticity and random coefficient variation". Econometrica, 47, 1287-1294.
Burgess, D. F. (1974). "A cost minimization approach to import demand equations". The Review of Economics and Statistics, 56(2), 225-234.
Caves, W., Christensen, L. R. & Tretheway, M. W. (1980). "Flexible cost functions for multiproduct firms". The Review of Economics and Statistics, 62, 477-481.
Chalfant, J. A. & Gallant, A. R. (1985). "Estimating substitution elasticities with the Fourier cost function". Journal of Econometrics, 28, 205-222.
Chambers, R. G.., (1988). Applied Production Analysis: A Dual Approach. Cambridge University press。
Chang, S., (1978). "Production function and capacity utilization of the port of mobile". Maritime Policy and Management, 5, 297-305.
Christensen, L. R., Jorgenson, D. W., & Lau, L. J. (1973). "Transcendental logarithmic production frontiers". Review of Economics and Statistics, 55, 28-45.
Christensen, R. & Jorgenson, D. W.(1969). "The measurement of U. S. real capital input, 1929-1967". The Review of Income and Wealth, 5, 293-320.
Clark, J. M. (1923). Studies in the economics of overhead costs. Chicago, University of Chicago Press.
Clemens, E. (1958). "Price discrimination and the multiproduct firm, In: Heflebower, R., & Stocking, G. (Eds.)". Readings in Industrial Organization and Public Policy, Richard D. Irwin Inc.
Conforti, M., 1992.6.16-18. "Productivity Scrutinized", Italy: 7th Terminal Operations Conference.
De Monie, G., (1989). "Medición y Evaluación del Rendimiento y de la Productividad de los Puertos", New York: Monografías de la UNCTAD sobre Gestión de Puertos, 6.
Diewert, W. E. (1974). "Applications of duality theory: comments". Frontiers of Quantitative Economics, Ⅱ, 106-171.
－－(1976). "Exact and Superlative Index Numbers". Journal of Econometrics, 4(2), 115-145.
Dowd, T. J., & Leschine, T. M. (1990). "Container terminal productivity: A perspective". Maritime Policy and Management, 17(2), 107-112.
Eastwood, B. J., & Gallant, A. R. (1991). "Adaptive rules for seminonparametric estimators that achieve asymptotic normality". Econometric Theory, 7, 307-340.
Elbadawi, I., Gallant, A. R.,& Souza, G. (1983). "An elasticity can be estimated consistently without a priori knowledge of functional form". Econometrica, 51(6), 1731-1752.
Estache, A., González, M., & Trujillo, L. (2001). Technical efficiency gains from port reform: The potential for yardstick competition in Mexico. Working Papers, World Bank. http://econ.worldbank.org/files/ 2316_wps2637.pdf
Evans, D. &. Heckman, J. (1984). "A test for subadditivity of the cost function with an application to the Bell system". The American Economic Review, 74(4), 615-623.
Evans, D. & Heckman, J. (1986). "A test for subadditivity of the cost function with an application to the Bell system(in Erratum)". The American Economic Review, 76(4), 856-858.
Fernández, J. E., De Cea, J. & Fernández, J. M. (1999). "Port privatization in developing countries: The case of container terminals". International Journal of Transport Economics, 26(2), 292-313.
Friedman, J. W. (1972). "Duality principles in the theory of cost and production revisited". International Economic Review, 13(1), 167-70.
Gallant, A. R. (1981). "On the bias in flexible functional forms and an essentially unbiased form: The Fourier flexible form". Journal of Econometrics, 15, 211-245.
－－ (1982) "Unbiased determination of production technologies". Journal of Econometrics, 20, 285-323.
Gilligan, T., Marshall, W. & Smirlock, M. (1984). "Scale and Scope Economies in the multiproduct banking firm". Journal of Monetary Economics. 13, 393-405.
Glass, J. C., Mckillop, D. G. & Hyndman, N. (1995). "Efficiency in the provision of university teaching and research: An empirical analysis of UK universities". Journal of Applied Econometrics, 10, 61-72.
Glustoff, E. & Wickham, E. (1991). "Negative marginal cost and disposal: Implications for the theory of the firm". Australian Economic Papers, 56, 164-169.
Gorman, I. E., (1985). "Conditions for economies of scope in the presence of fixed costs". RAND Journal of Economics, 16, 431-436.
Gropper, D. M. (1995). "Product-line deregulation and the cost structure of U.S. savings and loan associations". Applied Economics, 27, 183-191.
Guldmann, J. M. (1985). "Economies of scale and natural monopoly in urban utilities: The case of gas distribution". Geographical Analysis, 17(4), 302-317.
Hanoch, G. (1975). "The elasticity of Scale and the shape of average costs". American Economic Review, 65(3), 492-497.
Hooper, P. G. (1985). An essay on the measurement of productivity in ports. Unpublished Master Thesis, University of Tasmania.
Huang, T. H. & Wang, M. H. (2001). "Measuring scale and scope economies in multiproduct banking: A stochastic frontier approach". Applied Economics Letters, 8, 159-162.
－－ &－－ (2001). "Estimating scale and scope economies with Fourier flexible functional form—Evidence from Taiwan’s banking industry". Australian Economic Papers, 40, 213-231.
Hughes, J. P. & Mester, L. J. (1994). Evidence on the objectives of bank managers. The Warton School, University of Pennsylvania.
http://fic.wharton.upenn.edu/fic/papers/94 /9415.pdf
Ivaldi, M., Ladoux, N., Ossard, H. & Simioni, M. (1996). "Comparing Fourier and translog specifications of multiproduct technology: Evidence from an incomplete panel of French farmers". Journal of Applied Econometrics, 11, 649-667.
Janson, J. O. & Sheneerson, D. (1982). Port Economics, MIT Press, Massachusetts.
Janson, J. O. (1984). Transport System Optimization and Pricing. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
Jara Díaz, S. (1982). "The estimation of transport cost functions: A methodological review". Transport Reviews, 2(3), 257-278.
－－(1983). "Freight transportation multioutput analysis". Transportation Research, 17(6), 429-438.
Jara-Díaz, S., Martínez-Budría, E., Cortes, C. & Basso, L. (2002). "A multioutput cost function for the services of Spanish ports’ infrastructure". Transportation, 29(4), 419-437.
Jara-Díaz, S., Martínez-Budría, E., Cortes, C. & Vargas, A. (1997) "Marginal costs and scale economies in Spanish ports". London: 25th European Transport Forum.
Jorgenson, D. W. (1986). "Econometric methods for modeling producer behavior". In Z. Griliches and M.D. Intriligator (eds.), Handbook of Econometrics,3, Amsterdam.
Kim, H. Y. (1986). "Economies of scale and economies of scope in multiproduct financial institutions: further evidence from credit unions". Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, 18(2), 220-226.
Kim, M. & Sachish, A. (1986). "The structure of production, technical change and productivity in a port", International Journal of Industrial Economics, 35(2), 209-223.
Lau, L. J. (1974). "Applications of duality theory: comments". Frontiers of Quantitative Economics, II, 176-199.
Liu, Z. (1995). "The comparative performance of public and private enterprises". Journal of Transport Economics and Policy, 263-274.
Marshall, A. (1920). Principles of Economics. London: Macmillan.
Martínez-Budría, E. (1996). "Un estudio econométrico de los costes del sistema portuario español". Revista Asturiana de Economía, 6, 135-149.
Martínez-Budría, E., Díaz-Armas, R., Navarro-Ibañez, M. & Ravelo-Mesa, T. (1999). "A study of the efficiency of Spanish port authorities using data envelopment analysis". International Journal of Transport Economics, 26(2), 237-253.
Martínez-Budría, E., González-Marrero, R. & Díaz, J. (1998). "Análisis económico de las sociedads estatales de estibay desestiba en España". Working Paper 97/98-1. Universidad de La Laguna. Tenerife.
Martínez-Budría, E., Jara-Díaz, S. R. &. Ramos, F. (2003). "Adapting productivity theory to the quadratic cost function: An application to the Spanish electric sector". Journal of Productivity Analysis, Forthcoming.
Mayo, J. W. (1984). "Multiproduct monopoly, regulation, and firm Costs". Southern Economic Journal, 51, 208-218.
McAllister, P. H. & McManus, D. (1993). "Resolving the scale puzzle in banking". Journal of Banking and Finance, 17, 389-406.
McFadden, D., (1978). "Cost, revenue and profit functions". In M. Fuss and D. McFadden (eds)., Production Economics: A Dual Approach to Theory and Applications. Amsterdam.
Mester, L. J. (1987). "A multiproduct cost study of savings and loans". The Journal of Finance, 42, 423-445.
－－. (1991). "Agency costs among savings and loans". Journal of Financial Intermediation, 1, 257-278.
－－. (1993). "Efficiency in the savings and loan industry". Journal of Banking and Finance, 17, 267-286.
－－. (1996). "A study of bank efficiency taking into account risk-preferences". Journal of Banking and Finance, 20, 1025-1045.
Miller, N. H. (2002). Notes on Microeconomic Theory, pp120-121。
http://ksghome.harvard.edu/~.nmiller.Academic.KSG/notes/notes5.pdf
Mitchell, K. & Onvural, N. M. (1996). "Economies of scale and scope at large commercial banks: Evidence from the Fourier flexible functional form". Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, 28, 178-199.
Nehring, K. & Puppe, C. (2002) "Modelling economies of scope in terms of joint production". Working papers, University of Bonn.
http://www1.wiwi.uni-bonn.de/users/cpuppe/www/mestjp.pdf
Notteboom, T., Coeck, C. & Van den Broeck, J. (2000). "Measuring and explaining the relative efficiency of container terminals by means of bayesian stochastic frontiers models". International journal of maritime economics, 2(2),pp.83-106.
Pablo, C. M., José, B. P. & Ana, R. Á. (2000). "Economic efficiency in Spanish ports: Some empirical evidence". Maritime Policy and Management. 27(2), 169-174.
Panzar, J. C. & Willig, R. D. (1977). "Economies of scale in multi-output production". Quarterly Journal of Economics, 91, 481-493.
——. & ——. (1981). "Economies of scope". American Economic Review, 71, 268-272.
Pulley, L. B. & Braunstein, Y. M. (1992). "A composite function for multiproduct firms with an application to economies of scope in banking". The Review of Economics and Statistics, 74(2), 221-230.
Pulley L. B. & Humphrey, D. B. (1993). "The role of fixed costs and cost complementarities in determining scope economies and the cost of narrow banking proposals". Journal of Business, 66(3), 437-462.
Rekers, R. A., Connell, D. & Ross, D. I. (1990). "The development of a production function for a container terminal in the port of Melbourne". Papers of the Australasian Transport Research Forum. 15, 209-218.
Roll, Y. & Hayuth, Y. (1993). "Port performance comparison applying data envelopment analysis (DEA)". Maritime Policy and Management, 20(2), 153-161.
Röller, L. H. (1990). "Proper quadratic cost functions with an application to the Bell system". The Review of Economics and statistics. 72, 202-210.
Salvanes, K. G.. & Tjotta, S. (1998). "A note on the importance of testing for regularities for estimated flexible functional forms". Journal of Productivity Analysis, 9, pp.133-143.
——. & ——. (1998). "A test for natural monopoly with application to Norwegian electricity distribution". Review of Industrial Organization, 13, 669-685.
Samuelson, P. A.（1947）, Foundation of Economic Analysis, Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Segal, D. (2003). "A multiproduct cost study of the U.S life insurance industry". Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting, 20(2), 115-200.
http://www.rotman.utoronto.ca/accounting/papers/a2002-09.pdf
Shephard, R. W.（1953）,Cost and Production Functions, Princeton: Princeton University Press.
——, (1970). Theory of cost and production functions. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Shneerson, D. (1981). "Investment in port systems: A case study of the Nigerian ports". Journal of Transport Economics and Policy, 15(3), 201-216.
——. (1983). "Short term planning for a ports system". Maritime Policy and Management, 10(4), 217-250.
Sproule, R. & Vigneault, M. (1996). "The duality between production and cost functions: A new finding". Economics Letter, 51, 67-70.
Talley, W. K. (1994). "Performance indicators and port performance evaluation". Logistics and Transportation Review, 30(4), 339-352.
Tongzon, J. L. (1993) "The port of Melbourne authority’s pricing policy: Its efficiency and distribution implications". Maritime Policy and Management. 20(3), 197-203.
——. (2001). "Efficiency measurement of selected Australian and other international ports using data envelopment analysis". Transportation Research Part A, 35(2), 113-128.
Tovar, B., Jara-Díaz, S. and Trujillo, L. (2003). "Una función de costes multiproductiva para terminales portuarias". Algunas orientaciones para regular. Forthcoming Working Paper. Facultad de CC EE y Empresariales. Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria. España
Tovar, B., Jara-Díaz, S. & Trujillo, L. (2003). Production and cost functions and their application to the port sector: A literature survey. Spain.
http://www.worldbank.org/wbi/regulation-f/pdfs/ports_literature.doc
Turner, M. A. (1995). "Economics without free-disposal: Quota-induced Discarding in heterogenous fisheries". Working papers , University of Toronto, Department of Economics.
Uzawa, H. (1964). "Duality principles in the theory of cost and production". International Economic Review, 5(2), 216-220.
Varian, H. R. (1978). Microeconomic Analysis. New York: W. W. Norton & Company.
Wanhill, S. R. C. (1974). "A study in port planning: The example of Mina Zayed". Maritime Study and Management, 2, 48-55.
White, H. (1980). "Using least squares to approximate unknown regression function". International Economic Review, 21, 149-169.
Zellner, A. (1962). "An efficient method of estimating seemingly unrelated regressions and tests for aggregation bias". Journal of the American Statistical Association, 348-368.