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博碩士論文 etd-0508107-115317 詳細資訊
Title page for etd-0508107-115317
論文名稱
Title
國民中小學教師社會價值觀與九年一貫課程政策施行之認知判斷
Elementary School and Junior High School Teachers’ Social Values and Cognitive Judgment on the Grade 1-9 Curriculum Policy Administration
系所名稱
Department
畢業學年期
Year, semester
語文別
Language
學位類別
Degree
頁數
Number of pages
232
研究生
Author
指導教授
Advisor
召集委員
Convenor
口試委員
Advisory Committee
口試日期
Date of Exam
2007-04-20
繳交日期
Date of Submission
2007-05-08
關鍵字
Keywords
九年一貫課程政策、理念與實踐、策略三角分析、社會判斷理論、國民中小學教師、認知回饋、社會價值觀
social values, the Grade 1-9 curriculum policy, rationale and administration, V.C.S., Elementary school and junior high school teachers, SJT, cognitive feedback
統計
Statistics
本論文已被瀏覽 5663 次,被下載 1965
The thesis/dissertation has been browsed 5663 times, has been downloaded 1965 times.
中文摘要
九年一貫課程政策改變了傳統課程理念與課程設計,其變動之大、影響之廣,可說是台灣教育歷程中一項革命性的改變。尤其是政策執行的重心係鎖定在國民中小學教師身上;不僅涉及教師教學型態的改變,更牽涉到教師本身專業角色及其價值觀的轉換。
九年一貫課程政策的理想,即使已有理念的傳達,但在政策實踐時涉及許多細節,如教學計畫、教學方法、行動研究等涉及教師能力的準備,又如相關行政的配套措施,乃至於社會大眾及家長對課程改革的質疑與支持與否等情況,均使得此政策實踐面的問題重重。其中最具關鍵性的中小學教師是否認同此課程改革的理念與配合實踐此政策目標,攸關此政策的實質效果。就此問題的脈絡,據以瞭解問題,甚至化解問題,值得探究。
教育理念據以形成政策,並非獨立發生於教育結構的系統之中。而是回應於當時的社會脈絡,並與當時的社會價值系統互有關係,是以政策理想的實踐,不能忽略對社會習性層面的省察。為突顯課程改革實踐面的政策分析,以社會作為政策分析的概念背景,可以較正確周延地解讀政策的形成,並據以解釋政策執行時所產生的問題。
據此,本研究從九年一貫課程政策之社會概念出發,試圖調查基層教師之社會價值觀與九年一貫課程政策改革之相關性。以解釋不同教師之社會價值觀與課程改革政策之間的關係,瞭解認知差異,並驗證可降低認知差異、化解認知衝突方法的應用性。
研究方法係先參考Inglehart(1990:25 )以需求層級用來衡量社會價值觀優先順序的價值指標,將受調教師分為物質主義及後物質主義二種不同社會價值觀群體。以社會判斷理論(Social Judgment Theory, SJT)準實驗法作判斷分析研究。研究設計係藉「V.C.S.策略三角」(Value, Capacity, Support)概念,來界定九年一貫課程政策實踐面之價值-能力-支持等三個指標構面。實證社會判斷理論中透鏡模式(lens model)的功能與應用。冀以驗證與說明不同社會價值觀的教師,對課程改革政策效益及其政策實踐面V.C.S.之間不同的認知判斷(判斷值、參考變數函數型態、相對權重、判斷原則、認知回饋等)。
上述方法中尤以操作認知回饋型式,將受測者內在對決策參考變數的認知判斷,予以表面化呈現出來,讓受測者經過直接瞭解與比較自己與他人的人際學習後,作出認知改變的程度。
研究結果如下:
1.教師來自不同的社會背景及社會條件屬性,有不同的價值傾向。
2.以SJT準實驗法研究兩個不同社會價值觀教師群體,對於課程改革政策施行的效益具有不同程度的認知。
(1)不同社會價值觀受測群體對「課程改革政策執行的效益」判斷結果值的一致性低,表示兩受測群體間存在有認知差異。
(2)不同社會價值觀群體對「價值」、「能力」、「支持」這3個決策參考變數的函數型態與權重不同;物質主義者傾向認同「支持」因子,後物質主義者傾向認同「價值」與「能力」因子。
(3)不同社會價值觀群體「價值」、「能力」、「支持」這3個決策參考變數判斷原則相似性低,顯示兩者在此有認知差異。
3.不同社會價值觀群體,經過認知回饋的人際學習作用後,作出以下認知上的改變,使兩個不同社會價值觀者的認知差距縮短。
(1)受測者群體經過認知回饋後,本身認知一貫性增加。
(2)不同社會價值觀群體經過認知回饋後其判斷結果的實際值與推估值判的一致性增加。
(3)不同社會價值觀群體價值、能力、支持這3個決策參考變數函數型態與權重,經過認知回饋後,皆朝著與自己不同價值觀者的認知傾向調整。
(4)不同社會價值觀群體對「價值」、「能力」、「支持」這3個決策參考變數經過認知回饋後,判斷原則的相似性一致性增加。
4.一般問卷調查結果發現,不同社會價值觀群體之社會屬性(如成長時的社會條件、家庭社經地位、年齡、學歷等)不同,對「價值」、「能力」、「支持」這3個指標的認同度不同。物質主義者傾向認同「支持」因子,後物質主義者較傾向認同「價值」與「能力」因子。研究結果與SJT準實驗法研究結果相同。
Abstract
The Grade 1-9 curriculum policy has changed the traditional curriculum rationale and curriculum design. The large scale and profound influence of this change can be considered a revolutionary transformation during the educational process in Taiwan. The policy implementation has particularly focused on the elementary school and junior high school teachers, which involves not only the change in teachers’ instructional patterns, but also teachers’ professional roles as well as the transformation of their values.
  Ideas of the Grade 1-9 curriculum policy have conveyed certain concepts. However, when the policy is implemented, a lot of details are involved, such as instructional plan, instructional method, action research, which require teachers’ abilities for preparation, accompanying measures related to administration, or even the general public’s and parent’s questions about and support of the policy. All these have caused a lot of difficulties during the process of policy administration. Among them, the key point is whether the elementary school and junior high school teachers can identify themselves with the ideas of the curriculum reform, and dedicate themselves to implement this policy goal, which is closely tied to the substantial outcomes of this policy. Based on the context of this problem, it is worthy of a study on understanding this problem, and even resolving the problem.
  An educational philosophy works as a basis to form a policy, and does not happen independently in the system of an educational structure. In turn, it is a response to the social context at that time, and is related to the social value system then. When the policies and ideas are implemented, a critical examination of social habits should not be ignored. In order to emphasize the policy analysis of curriculum reform implementation, if the society is considered the conceptual background of policy analysis, the policy formation can be more correctly and comprehensively understood, and can work as a basis to explain the problems due to the policy administration.
  On these grounds, this study is based on the social concepts of the Grade 1-9 curriculum policy, and attempts to investigate the correlation between grassroots teachers’ social values and the reform of the Grade 1-9 curriculum policy. The purpose is to explain the relationship between different teachers’ social values and the policy of the curriculum reform, to understand cognitive differences as well as to test and verify the applicability of the methods to reduce the cognitive differences and resolve the cognitive conflicts.
  In terms of the research method, the researcher first has referred to Inglehart’s hierarchy of needs (1990:25) to measure the priority of the value index in the social values, and categories the teachers in the study into two different social value groups: materialism and post-materialism. The quasi-experimental method of the Social Judgment Theory (SJT) is applied to judge and analyze the study. The concept of “V.C.S. Strategic Triangle, ” is applied to define the three indices, value-capacity-support (V.C.S.), in the Grade 1-9 curriculum policy implementation. The function and application of the lens model in the SJT, thus, are verified. It is hoped to test, verify and explain the different cognitive judgments on the beneficial results of the curriculum reform and V.C.S. policy implementation made by the teachers with different social values (criteria, cues, function form, weights, judgment policy and cognitive feedback).
  Among the above-mentioned methods, the cognitive feedback model is especially applied to present the subjects’ internal cognitive judgment on policy reference variables, for the purpose of helping the subjects to judge their level of cognitive change after they directly understand and compare their interpersonal learning with others.
The findings are as follows:
1. Teachers with different social backgrounds and conditions have different value orientations.
2. Based on the SJT method, two groups with different social values have different cognitive levels of the curriculum policy reform’s beneficial results.
(1) The criteria of the curriculum policy reform’s beneficial results among the subjects with different value orientations are very inconsistent, which indicates the cognitive differences between these two groups.
(2) Groups with different social values cause different function form models and weights of the three policy reference variables: “V” “C” and “S”. Materialists tend to identify themselves with the variable, “S” while the post-materialists with the other two variables, “V” and “C”.
(3) The three policy reference variables; namely, “V” “C” and “S” among groups with different social values show lower similarity in the judgment policy.
3. After experiencing the interpersonal learning of cognitive feedback, groups with difference social values will make cognitive changes, which result in the narrowed cognitive differences between these two groups.
(1) After the cognitive feedback, the cognitive consistency with the subjects will increase.
(2) After the cognitive feedback, the actual value and estimated value of the test results among groups with different social values will have higher agreement.
(3) After the cognitive feedback, the three function form, and weights, namely, “V” “C” and “S” among groups with different social values have been adjusted toward the cognitive orientation different from theirs
(4) After the cognitive feedback, the three cues, namely, “V” “C” and “S” among groups with different social values show higher similarity in the judgment policy.
4. The results of the questionnaire found that groups with different social values and social attributes (such as social conditions during the growing process, family’s social-economic status, age and educational background) have different levels of identification with the three indices, namely, “V” “C” and “S” Materialists tend to identify themselves with the variable, “support,” while post-materialists with the other two variables, “V” and “C”. The research results are identical with the research results of the SJT.
目次 Table of Contents
1.緒論 1
1.1 研究背景與問題陳述 1
1.2 研究動機 5
1.2.1 公共事務管理整合參考架構(PAM) 5
1.2.2 應用PAM架構處理公共事務問題 19
1.3 研究目的 19
2.文獻探討 21
2.1九年一貫課程理念及其結構 21
2.1.1 九年一貫課程理念 21
2.1.2 九年一貫課程結構 22
2.2 九年一貫課程理念緣起 23
2.2.1 課程理念的時代演變 23
2.2.2 90年代西方學者的後現代課程觀 29
2.2.3 課程理念的典範變革 34
2.3 九年一貫課程所蘊藏的後現代社會意義 38
2.3.1 後現代的九年一貫課程觀 38
2.3.2 後現代及其課程理念 40
2.3.3九年一貫課程理念與後現代之課程理念之比較 43
2.4 台灣課程改革政策形成的社會歷程 44
2.4.1台灣課程改革政策的緣起 44
2.4.2台灣推動課程改革的社會性與政策性反省 48
2.5 九年一貫課程政策理念與政策實踐的問題 51
2.5.1 課程政策之實踐 51
2.5.2 課程政策標的與實踐目標的衝突 53
2.5.3 實踐性的策略三角分析 57
2.5.3.1價值(V) 60
2.5.3.2能力(C) 63
2.5.3.3支持(S) 69
2.5.4 政策實踐的V.C.S策略功能 73
2.6 九年一貫課程政策實踐的關鍵 75
2.6.1 九年一貫課程政策實踐的關鍵角色 76
2.6.2 教師的社會價值觀 79
2.7 政策標的與目標之認知判斷 81
2.7.1 政策價值之衡量 82
2.7.2 判斷分析 84
2.8 社會判斷理論 93
2.8.1 透鏡模式 94
2.8.2 社會判斷理論(SJT) 98
2.8.3九年一貫課程政策認同度的認知判斷衡量 113
3.研究方法與研究設計 120
3.1研究範圍 120
3.1.1 課程改革中的社會作用力 120
3.1.2 課程改革政策實踐面的策略V.C.S.思維 121
3.1.3 以個體認知面的社會判斷理論為方法 121
3.2 研究設計 122
3.2.1 SJT準實驗 122
3.2.2 一般問卷 126
3.2.3 研究假設 128
4.結果分析與討論 131
4.1 SJT準實驗的結果 131
4.2 統計結果分析 133
4.2.1 研究假設之統計檢定 134
5.討論與建議 152
5.1 結果討論 152
5.1.1 社會價值傾向 152
5.1.2 SJT準實驗 152
5.1.3 認知回饋 156
5.1.4 社會屬性 160
5.2 與公共事務管理架構(PAM)的對應關係 162
5.3 研究貢獻 165
5.3.1 課程改革政策實踐面V.C.S思維與認知判斷之意涵 165
5.3.2 建議 169
5.4 研究限制 172
5.5 後續研究方向 172
6.結論 174
參考文獻 178
附錄1 一般問卷 201
附錄2 SJT問卷 214
圖1-1 需求層級與價值指標 15
圖1-2 公共事務管理整合參考分析架構 18
圖1-3 公共事務管理架構(PAM)化約圖 20
圖2-1 策略三角 60
圖2-2 決策與判斷的思考架構 93
圖2-3 透鏡模式示意圖 95
圖2-4 修正之透鏡模式 96
圖2-5 透鏡模式深淺與對稱示意圖 99
圖2-6 雙系統透鏡模式第二類模式示意圖【環境系統未知時】 106
圖2-7 運用社會判斷理論建立之事實判斷與價值判斷分析架構 118
圖3-1 透鏡模式之研究設計 124
表2-1 後現代與後現代之課程理念與九年一貫課程理念之比較 44
表2-2 函數圖形之歸納與定義 104
表3-1 整合一般問卷題目之「價值」「能力」「支持」認同度 128
表3-2 本研究假設與檢定指標 130
表4-1 SJT不同案例之一貫性比較 132
表4-2 M與PM實際與推估判斷值的一致性 135
表4-3 M與PM決策參考變數函數型態與權重結果 136
表4-4 M與PM對決策參考變數顯著性檢定結果(M與PM組間) 137
表4-5 M與PM本身認知一貫性檢定結果 139
表4-6 M與PM回饋後實際與推判斷值的一致性 140
表4-7 M組個人回饋前後判斷結果值T檢定表(組內) 141
表4-8 PM組個人回饋前後判斷結果值T檢定表(組內) 142
表4-9 M與PM回饋前後決策參考變數函數型態與權重結果 144
表4-10 M與PM回饋前後決策參考變數函數型態與結果比較表 145
表4-11 M與PM決策參考變數相對權重平均值差異檢定(組間) 147
表4-12 M與PM決策參考變動判斷原則相似性檢定(組間) 148
表4-13 不同社會價值觀對課程改革政策之認同度 149
表4-14 社會屬性與社會價值觀調查 150
表4-15 研究假設檢定結果摘要表 151
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