本文探討的是美國原住民作家琳達‧霍根《鯨族人》中海洋與原住民文化的關係。文中可看到阿茲卡族人對於海洋及鯨魚有著不同於白人的觀點，原住民也有著異於主流文化的世界觀。於本文中筆者也將探討海洋及原住民面對的不公平對待。北美原住民至今仍面臨著許多打壓及不義，美國政府並不重視他們的文化及聲音。美國許多的政策迫使原住民不僅離開了他們家園，更遠離了他們的傳統文化。此外，主流文化對於原住民及自然的想像也存在著許多不義，亦即主流文化的再現將自然及原住民降格，其目的在於剝削他們。本文將論述霍根如何透過以原住民的角度再現族人的故事及文化，以抵抗上述的不公義。
對於北美原住民如何看待人與自然的關係，英利克‧薩蒙(Enrique Salmón)提出了「親屬中心生態(Kincentic Ecology)」。本文第一章將借用薩蒙提出原住民將動物視為親戚的觀點， 來分析《鯨族人》中阿茲卡族如何將鯨魚及其他海洋生物視為祖先及親屬及霍根如何透過阿茲卡族人傳遞原住民獨特的世界觀。此章將以霍根與布蘭達‧彼得森(Brenda Peterson)合著之《看見(Sightings)》作文輔助文本，探討馬卡(Makah)文化中鯨魚的重要性。本章將討論阿茲卡人因將鯨魚視為親屬而與海洋及海洋動物建立親密的關係，而阿茲卡將人類與動物視為親屬的觀點可能成為永續未來的關鍵。
第二、第三章我將探討《鯨族人》筆者將探討原住民至今仍在面對的政策及再現上的不公，並且視之為族人態度改變及文化傳統流失的主因。此二章中，作者的論述將建構於江妮‧亞當森(Joni Adamson)環境正義的觀點。第二章中檢視的主題為美國政策如何打壓原住民，並且致使族人與傳統文化疏離。第三章將透過霍根的小說討論再現的不公平性，即主流文化對於原住民及自然的再像及想像將兩者降格為可剝削的物品。
儘管前面提及種種不公義，但筆者相信原住民文化必得以延續。因為霍根及其他原住民作家正透過他們的作品抵抗上述的不義並為族人發聲。並且，近十年來有許多提倡環境正義各界之士與原住民聯手在反抗不公，他們致力使主流文化關注原住民不同的世界觀。結論裡指出處理原住民面臨的環境不正義是解決環境危機很重要且關鍵的一環，亦即，全球環境議題必須與原住民議題結合。原住民與非原住民必須聯手，才能共享一個永續的未來。

In my thesis, I will explore the relationship between ocean and indigenous culture in Linda Hogan’s People of the Whale. It can be seen in my discussion that native people’s attitudes toward ocean and whales are very different from those of Euro-Americans, and aboriginal people have very different worldviews from that of the mainstream culture. I will also examine the injustices faced by both indigenous people and ocean. Native people constantly struggle with injustice because, in most cases, their cultures are ignored and their voices are oppressed. Many U.S policies, as I will discuss in the thesis, are unjust to Native Americans, and have drawn indigenous people away from their traditions and their living environment. Besides, mainstream culture’s representations of nature and the native people are severely biased; that is, white American imagination inclines to degrade both nature and Native Americans. My argument is that Hogan fights these injustices by putting the stories and experiences of the native people down into words in her works.
Enrique Salmón coins the term “ Kincentric Ecology” in his study of indigenous perspective on human-nature relationship. In the first chapter of this thesis, I will borrow Salmón’s idea to examine the connection between ocean and a specific tribe, A’atsika, presented in Hogan’s novel, People of the Whale, and I will also examine how Hogan conveys this unique perspective through the Makah people in the Sightings. In the second chapter, I will first study how native people’s attitudes have changed as can be observed in Hogan’s novel. In addition, I will consider the unjust policies that overlook the cultures of the native people for these are the main reason for the disappearance of ingenious cultures and traditions. The third chapter will be dedicated to the study of representational injustice. My observation is that white American imagination downgrades nature and aboriginal people as exploitable objects. I will discuss the representational pitfalls in white American imagination by citing textual examples from People of the Whale. Regarding the injustices discussed in the last two chapters, my discussion will be based on Joni Adamson’s studies on environmental justice.
Despite all the injustices discussed above, I contend that the traditions and cultures of indigenous people will continue because Hogan, as well as many other native writers, fights back and voices out for themselves through their works. In recent decades, many environmental justice advocators ally with the native people in their battle against the injustices done to the native people. In my conclusion, I will emphasize how issues surrounding the global environment and indigenous people intersect. Both environmental activists and native writers endeavor to call mainstream culture’s attention to the different worldviews of the native peoples. Environmental crises can only be solved through the recognition and rectification of environmental injustices done to the native people, and only when native and non-native people work hand in hand can we acquire a sustainable future.

Introduction 1
Chapter One: Once Loved and Respected Ocean 16
Chapter Two: (In)Justice in Policies 34
Chapter Three: (In)justice in Representation 53
Conclusion 71
Works Cited 77

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