本研究為瞭解高雄海岸地區之大氣氣膠濃度及水溶性離子特性，特於中山大學海洋環境及工程學系系館頂樓設置一處採樣站，利用PS-1高流量採樣器進行大氣總懸浮微粒採樣為期一年(2012年3月至2013年3月)，並分析其水溶性離子成份，藉以探討高雄海岸地區之總懸浮微粒濃度及其水溶性離子受季節之相關性。
本研究主要成果如下，總懸浮微粒濃度其夜間平均高於日間之值，季節性以秋、冬季濃度高於春、夏季，並以冬季時最高，其次則依序為秋季＞春季＞夏季。總懸浮微粒之水溶性離子Cl-、Na+及Mg2+濃度日間比夜間時高，而微粒上SO42-及NO3-之濃度則夜間大於日間，亦顯示由於白天吹海風，晚上吹陸風，因此晚上之陸風會把內陸都會區之微粒向海岸區傳輸。高雄海岸地區總懸浮微粒中水溶性離子濃度以二次無機性氣膠(secondary inorganic aerosols, SIA)為主，其SO42-、NO3-和NH4+約佔水溶性離子成份的60%，且呈現秋、冬、春三季大於夏季趨勢。日間與夜間之[NO3-]/[SO42-]比值約為0.83，其高雄海岸地區總懸浮微粒受到固定污染源之影響比移動污染源略高，另因採樣點位於船舶進港海域附近，船舶使用燃料含有硫化物成分，故SO42-值較高另一原因為船舶緣故。透過富集因子分析法結果顯示，微粒上之Na+、Cl-及Mg2+主要來自海水飛沫；而微粒上之SO42-、K+及Ca2+可能分別來自人為活動(固定污染源、生質燃燒、營建)及地殼元素所貢獻。氯損失(chloride deficit)平均值為51.3%，日間及夜間之氯損失差異不大。

The aim of this study is to explore the concentrations of atmospheric aerosol and the characteristics of water-soluble ions in the coastal area of Kaohsiung. The sampling station was established on the top of the building of the Department of Marine Environment and Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University. Air samples were collect by an air sampling pump with PS-1 high flow from March 2012 to March 2013. Analysis of the elements of water-soluble ions is used to understand the seasonal correlation between the concentration of total particulate matter and water-soluble ions.
Diurnal variation of total particulate matter concentrations showed the concentration at night is higher than daytime. Seasonal variations showed the highest concentration of total particulate matter observed in witner and the lowest observed in summer. For soluble ions, Cl-, Na+ and Mg2+ displayed higher concentrations during daytime, while the concentrations of SO42- and NO3- were higher at night. The diurnal variation of particulate matter is related to land-sea circulation as the geographical characteristics of the sampling site. Particulate matter can be transported from the inland city to the coastal area during the night as the wind direction is easterly or northeasterly direction. The secondary inorganic aerosols (SIA) were dominant soluble ions of the total particulate matter in Kaohsiung; SO42-, NO3- and NH4+ account for 60% of total soluble ions, most of them found in fall, winter and spring. The ratio of [NO3-]/[SO42-] during day and night is about 0.83 implied that the sampling site affected by stationary sources on the total particulate matter more than mobile sources. Because the sampling station is close to the harbor, the emission and combustion of sulphur-containing fuel may result in higher SO42- concentrations than the other elements. The results of the enrichment factor analysis revealed that ions of Na+, Cl- and Mg2+ on particulate matter are mostly caused by the marine spray; and SO42-, K+ and Ca2+ could be attributed to human activities (stationary pollutant sources, biomass burning and construction), as well as crustal elements. The mean of chloride deficit is approximately 51.3% with no significant difference between day and night.

論文審定書 i
謝誌 ii
摘要 iii
Abstract iv
目錄 v
圖目錄 viii
表目錄 ix
附錄 x
第一章 前言 1
1.1 研究緣起 1
1.2 研究目的 2
第二章 文獻回顧 3
2.1 大氣懸浮微粒 3
2.1.1 總懸浮微粒之定義與形成機制 3
2.1.2 總懸浮微粒之特性 5
2.1.3 總懸浮微粒之水溶性離子 6
2.1.4 懸浮微粒對人體影響 9
2.2 富集因子分析法EF 10
2.3 海洋氣膠的特性 11
2.3.1 海洋氣膠 11
2.3.2 氯損失 11
2.3.3 氯損失指標值 12
第三章 實驗設備與方法 15
3.1 採樣規劃 15
3.1.1採樣地點的環境概況 15
3.1.2 採樣時程與頻率 15
3.2 採樣設備及方法 15
3.2.1 高流量空氣採樣器 PS-1 15
3.2.2 精密天平 19
3.3 分析方法 19
3.3.1 總懸浮微粒稱重分析質量濃度 19
3.3.2 樣品前處理 20
3.3.3 水溶性離子分析 20
3.4 品保與品管 21
3.4.1 採樣方法的品保品管 21
3.4.2 分析方法的品保品管 23
第四章 結果與討論 26
4.1 大氣懸浮微粒質量濃度 26
4.1.1 大氣懸浮微粒日夜變化 29
4.1.2 大氣懸浮微粒不同月份及季節濃度之變化 31
4.1.3 懸浮微粒濃度之氣象因子 35
4.2 大氣氣膠上水溶性離子成分 36
4.2.1 水溶性離子濃度及比例 36
4.2.2 水溶性離子季節濃度變化 39
4.2.3 水溶性離子日夜濃度變化 42
4.2.4 水溶性離子與衍生性氣膠之關係 45
4.2.5 水溶性離子相關性分析 47
4.3 水溶性離子A/C比值 49
4.4 富集因子分析法 51
4.5 氯損失 53
第五章 結論與建議 55
5.1 結論 55
5.2 建議 57
參考文獻 58
附錄一 65
附錄二 68
附錄三 71

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