長期以來，不同時期的日本對於越南的經濟政策也有所不同。為了更進一步理解以及詮釋這些政策所導致的結果，本研究系統地檢視了國內外因素與日本外交相關的政策，並特別著重於戰後日本的經濟政策。本研究指出，雖然諸多國內外因素皆會影響日本對於越南的外交政策，但其中美國對於日本的國外因素影響最鉅。我們必須先了解日本戰後的外交行為偏向。美國的三大佔領階段時期分為歸順、自治與獨立等時期。這三大時期的不同政策直接影響了日本人民以及促成了許多非官方團體的崛起，這些因素產生了日本對越外交政策的結構多樣性。有趣的是這些由非官方團體所促成政策結構對於日越之間1970年早期的外交政策影響竟超越了日本官方，且深遠影響了越南的革新過程。
總而言之，日本的對外政策應從日本菁英對於鞏固日本於這個高度動態的世界局面下的地位所產生的新式日式資本主義進行理解。在日本政府對於越南的開發援助例子中我們可以看到，雖然是以雙贏局面做為援助依據，但日本對越的援助是以日本的經濟發展、外交政策以及國家安全作為主要考量依據。除此之外，雖然目前日本對於越南的經濟政策仍然存在許多問題，對於實現東亞共同此一想法也遭遇重重阻礙，但當前日越政策之間諸多的不順遂並不會降低建構東亞區域共榮圈此一長遠目標的可行性。

Japan’s economic diplomacy behavior towards Vietnam is the continuity and change process. In order to better comprehend and adequately explain the economic diplomacy outputs, the study has systematically examined external and internal influences that have shaped Japan’s foreign policy in general and postwar economic diplomacy in particular. The study has argued that while both internal and external factors have affected Japan’s foreign relations, the US factor in particular has posed the major source of external systemic influence that has affected Japan’s diplomatic behaviors in Vietnam. To begin with, we need to understand some Japan’s postwar diplomatic orientations. The shifting American occupation policies gave rise to three distinct foreign policy orientations among Japanese political elites, respectively advocating ‘compliance’ with the US, ‘autonomy’ vis-à-vis the US, and ‘independence’ from American control. Then, these distinct foreign policy orientations held by the Japanese and the rise of Japanese non-governmental actors as the architects of Japan-Vietnam economic ties gave rise to structural pluralism in Japan’s economic diplomacy with Vietnam, and interestingly that this structure served as significant factor beyond official diplomatic between Tokyo and Hanoi in the early 1970s and a crucial importance to expansion its influence in Vietnam in the Doi Moi process. To that end, Japan’s economic diplomacy should be understood as self-readjust process for Japanese elites to rethink and refine Japanese capitalism for better Japan repositioning in a more dynamic world. In the case of Japan’s ODA to Vietnam the study indicates that although aid transaction is a win-win situation, foreign aid is highly related to both economic development and foreign policy and national security of Japan. In addition, although Japan’s economic diplomacy with Vietnam still remain some problems, and also the idea of an East Asian Community faces so many obstacles to its realization, saying that does not imply that Japan-Vietnam contemporary relations mean nothing to building regional community.

Approval Page iii
Declaration by candidate iv
Endorsement v
Acknowledgements vi
摘要 vii
Abstract viii
Table of Contents ix
List of Maps, Tables, Figures and Appendices xiv
Abbreviations xix
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1
1.1. Introduction 1
1.2. Research Objectives 2
1.3. Review of Relevant Literature 9
1.4. Theoretical Framework 13
1.4.1. Levels of Analysis 13
1.4.2. Neoclassical Realism and Foreign Trade 21
1.4.3. Neoliberalism 23
1.5. Research Methods and Approaches 27
1.5.1. Primary & Secondary Data 27
1.5.2. Case Study Method 29
1.5.3. Quantitative Empirical Analysis 30
1.6. Hypotheses 31
1.7. Expected Contributions 31
1.8. Conclusion 32
Chapter 2: Economic Diplomacy: A Theoretical Analysis 33
2.1. Introduction 33
2.2. A brief History of Economic Diplomacy 33
2.3. Definition of Economic Diplomacy 35
2.4. The Uses of Economic Diplomacy 40
2.5. Foreign Aid as an Instrument of Economic Diplomacy 42
2.6. Conclusion 47
Chapter 3: Japan’s Economic Diplomacy in Southeast Asia 48
3.1. Introduction 48
3.2. The US Factor 48
3.3. Japanese Diplomacy Orientations 53
3.3.1. Collaboration with the US 54
3.3.2. Autonomy vis-à-vis the US and Autonomous diplomacy 55
3.3.3. Independence from Pax Americana 61
3.4. The Influence of China on Japan’s Policy towards Southeast Asia 63
3.5. The Origins of Japan’s Economic Diplomacy 66
3.6. Japan’s Postwar Economic Diplomacy with Southeast Asia 70
3.6.1. 1950s – Mid-1960s 72
3.6.2. Mid-1960s – late 1970s 76
3.6.3. Late 1970s onward 79
3.6.4. Japan and Mekong Region Countries 82
3.7. Conclusion 84
Chapter 4: Japan’s Economic Diplomacy towards Vietnam 86
4.1. Introduction 86
4.2. Japan’s Economic Diplomacy towards Vietnam from the period of the 1950s through 1975 86
4.2.1. Vietnam and Japan: Early Contacts prior to the 1950s 86
4.2.2. The San Francisco Peace Treaty: The Starting Point 89
4.2.3. From Reparations to Business: Japan’s Economic Expansion 91
4.2.4. Japanese Relations with the Republic of Vietnam 95
4.2.5. Japanese Relations with the Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam 107
4.2.6. Japanese Relations with the Democratic Republic of Vietnam 110
4.2.6.1. Unofficial Relations before 1973 110
4.2.6.2. Japanese Government’s Attitudes 115
4.2.7. Normalization of Diplomatic Relations with the Democratic Republic of Vietnam and the Initial Development 118
4.2.7.1. Motivations of the Japanese Government 118
4.2.7.2. From First Official Contacts to Diplomatic Relationship: The Normalization of Japan-Vietnam Relations 120
4.2.7.3. The Initial Development 123
4.3. Japan’s Economic Diplomacy towards Vietnam during the Post-Vietnam War period, 1975 - 1991 126
4.3.1. Japan’s Foreign Policy towards Southeast Asia and the Fukuda Doctrine 126
4.3.2. Post-Vietnam International Environment in Southeast Asia 129
4.3.2.1. Vietnam’s International Perspectives 129
4.3.2.2. Vietnam-Cambodia Conflict 129
4.3.2.3. ASEAN-Vietnam Confrontation in the Cambodia Crisis 131
4.3.2.4. The Voice of Major Powers 132
4.3.3. Japan’s Economic Expansion into Vietnam in the Postwar period 134
4.3.3.1. The Establishment of Full Diplomatic Relations between Hanoi and Tokyo 135
4.3.3.2. Economic Relations 135
4.3.4. Japan's Diplomacy in the Cambodian Issue 141
4.3.4.1. Japan’s Position in the Indochina Conflict 141
4.3.4.2. Aid as Japan’s Diplomatic Tool 142
4.3.5. Japan’s Economic Diplomacy towards Vietnam during the 1980s 145
4.3.5.1. Japan-Vietnam Relations under External Factors 145
4.3.5.2. The Private Sectors 146
4.4. Japan’s Economic Diplomacy towards Vietnam in the Post-Cold War Period 153
4.4.1. Post-Cold War Environment in Southeast Asia 153
4.4.1.1. The Systematic Changes 153
4.4.1.2. ASEANization of Southeast Asia: The Emergence of New Regional Formation 155
4.4.2. Vietnam’s Doi Moi Policy and the Transition of Its Foreign Policy 157
4.4.3. The New Political Framework for Vietnam-Japan Relations 162
4.4.3.1. The Hashimoto Doctrine 162
4.4.3.2. From Bilateral Relationship to Comprehensive Strategic Partnership 163
4.4.4. Economic Development Model for Vietnam: A Japanese Perspective 166
4.4.5. Japan’s Trade and Investment Policies towards Vietnam 169
4.4.5.1. Japan External Trade Organization 170
4.4.5.2. Representative Offices: Powerful Tool for Business 174
4.4.5.3. Japan – ASEAN/Vietnam Economic Partnership Agreement 177
4.4.5.4. Japan’s Foreign Direct Investment in Vietnam 179
4.4.6. Japan’s Economic Diplomacy towards Vietnam in the Context of Building an East Asian Community 187
4.4.6.1. East Asian Community: The Road to a Regional Entity 187
4.4.6.2. Implications to Building East Asian Community 189
4.4.7. Recent Trends of Japan’s Economic Diplomacy 191
4.4.7.1. Towards a New Economic Diplomacy 191
4.4.7.2. Moving into the ‘New Frontier’ and Reducing Dependence on China: the Case of Rare Earth 196
4.4.7.3. Cooperation in High-tech Areas: Civilian Nuclear Programs & Space Technology 205
4.4.7.4. TPP – A Regional Free-trade Initiative 207
4.5. Conclusion 211
Chapter 5: A Case Study of ODA 213
5.1. Introduction 213
5.2. Japan’s ODA towards Vietnam 213
5.2.1. Japan’s ODA: An Overview 214
5.2.1.1. Concepts and Classifications 214
5.2.1.2. Evolution of Japan’s Aid Policy 217
5.2.2. Re-conceptualizing Aid Motives: The Conjunction of Politics and Economics 224
5.2.3. Vietnam: Strategic Considerations for Japan’s ODA Programs 230
5.2.4. Aid with Economic Motives 233
5.2.5. Aid Policy with Political Motives: Asia-Centric Approach 238
5.2.6. Aid Policy in Multi-Dimensions 243
5.2.7. Japan’s Foreign Aid under an ASEAN’s Framework 246
5.2.8. Japan’s ODA in the Mekong Region: Integrating Vietnam into Its Regional Environment 256
5.2.9. Japan’s ODA in Collaboration with NGOs and Private Sector 264
5.2.9.1. Collaboration with NGOs 264
5.2.9.2. Private Sector 271
5.3. ODA: An Evaluation for Effectiveness in Donor and Recipient 273
5.3.1. Sectoral Preference and Project Evaluation 273
5.3.2. Aid for Trade 276
5.3.3. Aid Effectiveness to Vietnam’s Development 285
5.3.4. Econometric Model: An Empirical Analysis and Interpretation 287
5.3.4.1. Factor Analysis Model 291
5.3.4.2. Factor Analysis 291
5.3.5. Challenges for Japan’s ODA 313
5.3.6. Vietnamese Reaction 317
5.3.7. Prospects of Japan’s Foreign Aid to Vietnam 324
5.4. Conclusion 325
Chapter 6: Concluding Remarks 327
6.1. Introduction 327
6.2. Redefinition of Japanese Economic Diplomacy 327
6.3. Japan’s Economic Diplomacy towards Vietnam: A Structural Pluralism 328
6.3.1. The Japanese Government’s Policies 328
6.3.2. Non-Governmental Actors 332
6.4. ODA – A Foreign Policy Instrument for Japan 335
6.5. Some Supportive Elements for Improving Economic Diplomacy 336
6.6. Limitations of This Study 337
6.7. Conclusion 338
Bibliography 339
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