教育與民族主義之間的關係向來是個受到研究關注的命題。一個有趣的現象是，一種民族認同的建構往往發生於，當某種政治力量就歷史的書寫，獲得了獨占性的合法宣稱。而在教科書中的歷史建構，由於討論單元的篇幅一般有所限制，在政府如何決定群眾的文化認同上，以及在公民的型塑上，自然較乍看之下來的重要。本研究所要針對的現象就在於，政府如何構成教育訊息，而民族主義又如何影響歷史的陳述。在台灣，書寫民族歷史並且將其向年輕的時代傳遞，從來就不是容易的工作。尤其是因為台灣的歷史，向來總是被外來並具有民族意識的文筆所書寫，而那樣外來的民族意識並不一定符合在地人民的感受。本研究試圖以劉銘傳的書寫為例，分析不同的意識形態，如何透過出版系統以及課程綱要影響教科書的內容。劉銘傳雖然忠於朝廷的派命，但他的國際視野和當時官方的態度有徹底的差別；因此他受過日本改革的啟發，曾經有自己的日本老師，同時亦曾和英德的公司達成商業協定。然而，就教科書內容的安排來說，不論受到哪一種政治意識傾向的影響，對於劉銘傳的歷史都必須藉由挑選特定的題材來進行。本研究冀望藉由分析劉銘傳的歷史在教科書中如何獲得呈現，對台灣民族認同的衝突就歷史反省上帶來新的面向。

The relationship between nationalism and education has always attracted the scholarship. The conception that a given political power possesses an exclusive legitimacy on writing history, and thus tend to build its own national identity has been an interesting case of study for various scholars. Writing history in textbooks, where the space for debate and dialogue is not large, is, more than it could first appear, a matter of deciding which cultural identity the government wants to transmit to its population and how the government wants to shape its citizens-to-be. This study focuses on how the message was intended by the government and how nationalism has been affecting historical narratives. In Taiwan, writing National History and deliver it to younger generations has never be an easy task. Indeed Taiwanese History has always been written by foreign hands driven by nationalist feelings that were not always shared by the locals. Using Liu Mingchuan as a case study, this study analyzes how changing ideologies can affect textbook content, through publication system and official curriculum. Despite his faithful devotion to the Empire, Liu Mingchuan had a international vision radically opposed to the imperial court during that time. No matter which political orientation is adopted, whether Chinese-centered or Taiwanese-centered, the writing of national history has to select certain aspects of Liu Mingchuan's life to include in textbooks and it is this process of information selection that is the core of this research. Ultimately, this analysis brings new insights on identity conflicts in Taiwan.

Introduction 1
A) Research Motives 1
B) Research Purposes 1
C) Research Approach 2
D) Methodology 3
E) Literature Review 8
Chapter I Nationalism 13
1.1. The Origin of Nationalism 16
1.2. The Classical Debate 20
1.2.1. Benedict Anderson 21
1.2.2. Ernest Gellner 23
1.2.3. Eric Hobsbawm 25
1.3. Nationalism and the State 27
1.4. Nationalism, History and Education 32
1.5. Towards a Definition of Nationalism 35
Chapter II Nationalisms in Taiwan 39
2.1 The Case of Taiwan 39
2.2. Chinese Nationalism 44
2.2.1 Sun Yat-sen Ruling the Mainland 44
2.2.3. Chiang Kai-shek and Cultural Reunification 47
2.2.4. Chiang Ching-kuo and the Nationalist Transformation 56
2.2.5. The Education System 57
2.3. Taiwanese Nationalism 66
2.3.1. The Colonial Rule 67
2.3.2. The KMT Rule and the Rise of the Bentuhua 70
2.3.3. Rise of Taiwanese Nationalism in Politics 75
2.3.4. Educational Reforms 80
2.4. Nationalism in Contemporary Taiwan 85
Chapter III Textbook Analysis 89
3.1. Liu Mingchuan 90
3.1.1 Liu Mingchuan's Personality 91
3.1.2. Military Accomplishments 92
3.1.3. Infrastructure Accomplishments 94
3.1.4. Economical Accomplishments 97
3.1.5. Relations with the Officialdom, Taiwanese and Foreigners 99
3.2. Content Analysis 104
3.2.1. Elementary School Textbooks 104
3.2.3. Junior High School Textbooks 115
3.2.4.Senior High School Textbooks 120
3.3. Observations 122
Conclusion 127
Bibliography 132

Table of Figures
Figure 1 [From National Ideology to Individual Knowledge] 12
Figure 2 [Threefold Relationship between State, Nation and society] 27

Table of Charts
Chart 1 [Corpus of Textbooks] 7

Books:
Anderson, Benedict, 2006, Imagined Communities, 3rd Edition. London: Verso.

Apple, M, 1990, Ideology and Curriculum. New York: Routledge.

Apple, M, 19996, Cultural Politics and Education. New York: Columbia University.

Brown, Melissa J., 2004. Is Taiwan Chinese? The Impact of Culture, Power and Migration on Changing Identities. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Bulmer, Martin & Solomos, John (eds), 2012, Nationalism and National Identities. London: Routledge.

Chen, Shih-hong, Hsu Chih-hsiung, etc. (eds.), 2006. Lee Teng-Hui and the Democratization of Taiwan. Taipei: Taiwan Advocates.

Deutsch, Karl W., 1969, Nationalism and Social Communication: An Inquiry into the Foundations of Nationality. Cambridge: M.I.T. Press.

Geertz, Clifford, 1973, The Interpretation of Cultures, (2000 Edition). New York: Basic Books.

Gellner, Ernest, 1964, Thought and Change. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.

Gellner, Ernest, 1983, Nations and Nationalism. Oxford: Basil Blackwell Ltd.

Gilbert, Paul, 1998, The Philosophy of Nationalism. Boulder: Westview Press.

Guibernau, Montserrat, 1996, Nationalisms: The Nation-State and Nationalism in the Twentieth Century. Cambridge: Polity Press.

Guibernau, Montserrat & Hutchinson, John (eds), 2001, Understanding Nationalism. Malden: Blackwell Publishers Ltd.

Guibernau, Montserrat, 2007, The Identity of Nations. Malden: Polity Press.

Harrison, Mark, 2006. Legitimacy, Meaning and Knowledge in the Making of Taiwanese Identity. New York: Palgrave Mac Millan.

Hobsbawm, Eric & Ranger, Terence (eds), 1992, The Invention of Tradition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Hobsbawm, Eric, 1994, Nations and Nationalism since 1780: Programme, Myth, Reality, 2nd Edition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Hood, Steven J., 1996. The Kuomintang and the Democratization of Taiwan. Boulder: Westview Press.

Hsiau, A-chin, 2000. Contemporary Taiwanese Cultural Nationalism. London: Routledge.

Hsiau, A-chin and Makeham, John, 2005. Cultural, Ethnic and Political Nationalism in Contemporary Taiwan: Bentuhua. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

Hsueh Hua-yuan, Tai Pao-tsun & Chow Mei-li (eds), 2005. Is Taiwan Chinese? A History of Taiwanese Nationality. Taipei: Taiwan Advocates.

Huang, Chun-chieh & Harrel, Stevan (eds), 1993. Cultural Change in Postwar Taiwan. Boulder: Westview Press.

Huang, Chun-chieh, 1994, “Industry, Culture, Politics: the Taiwan Transformation,” in Brown, Richard H., 1994. Culture, Politics and Economic Growth: Experience in East Asia. Williamsburg: The College of William and Mary.

Huang, Chun-chieh, 2005. Taiwan in Transformation, 1895-2005. Somerset: NJ.

Hughes, Christopher R., 1997. Taiwan and Chinese Nationalism: National Identity and Status in International Society. New York: Routledge.

James, Paul, 1996, Nation Formation: Towards a Theory of Abstract Community. London: Sage Publications Ltd.

Leng, Shao-chuan (ed.), 1993. Chiang Ching-kuo's Leadership in the Development of the Republic of China on Taiwan. Maryland: University Press of America.

Lerner, Daniel, 1958, The Passing of a Traditional Society : Modernizing the Middle East. Virginia: Free Press.

McCrone, David, 1998, The Sociology of Nationalism. London: Routledge.

Mendel, Douglas H., 1970. The Politics of Formosan Nationalism. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Moore, Margaret, 2001, The Ethics of Nationalism. New York: Oxford University Press.

Özkirimli, Umut, 2000, Theories of Nationalism: A Critical Introduction. New York: St. Martin's Press.

Pingel, Falk, 2009. UNESCO Guidebook on Textbook Research and Textbook Revision. Paris: UNESCO.

Pye, Lucian W., Binder, Leonard, Coleman, James S., etc., 1971, Crises and Sequences in Political Development. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Roy, Denny, 2003. Taiwan, a Political History. Ithaca: Cornell U.P.

Schöpflin, George, 2000, Nations, Identity, Power. New York: New York University Press.

Smith, Anthony D., 1996, Nationalism. Cambridge: Polity Press.

Wachman, Alan M., 1994. Taiwan: National Identity and Democratization. New York: M.E. Sharpe.

Xue, Huayuan, Hsueh, Hua-yuan, etc., 2005, Is Taiwan Chinese? : a History of Taiwanese Nationality. Tamsui: Taiwan Advocates.

Yuan, Yi (ed.), 2008. Cross-Strait at the Turning Point: Institution, Identity, and Democracy. Taipei: NCCU.

王晴佳, 《 臺灣史學五十年(1950-2000) : 傳承丶方法丶趨向》 (臺北市, 麥田出版, 2002)。Wang Qingjia, “Taiwan Historiography (1950-200): Heritage, Method, Tendency” (Taipei, Maitien, 2002).

石計生等,《意識形態與臺灣教科書》(臺北市:前衛, 1996)。Shi Jisheng, “Consciousness and Taiwan Textbooks” (Taipei: Qianwei, 1996).

朱敬一與戴華,《教育鬆綁》( 臺灣:遠流, 1995)。Zhu Jingyi & Daihua, “Educational Reform” (Taipei, Yuanliu, 1995).

薛化元，戴寶村，周美里,《臺灣不是中國的—臺灣國民的歷史》(臺北縣:財團法人群策會, 2005)。Xue Huayuan, Dai Baocun, Zhou Meili, “Taiwan is not Part of China: Taiwan National History” (Taipei, Caituan Lawyer Association, 2005).

薛曉華，《臺灣民間教育改革運動: 國家與社會的分析》（臺北市:前衛, 1996)。Xue Xiaohua, “Taiwan Social Education's Reform: an National and Social Analysis” (Taipei: Qianwei, 1996).

藍順德,《教科書政策與制度》(臺北市:五南, 2005)。Lan Shunde, “Textbook Policies and System” (Taipei, Wunan, 2005).


Book Chapters:

Bruce Jacobs J., 2005. “'Taiwanization' in Taiwan's Politics,” in Hsiau, A-chin and Makeham, John, 2005. Cultural, Ethnic and Political Nationalism in Contemporary Taiwan: Bentuhua, pp. 17-54. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

Chang Lung-chihn, 2011. “Telling histories of an Island Nation: the Academics and Politics of History Textbooks in Contemporary Taiwan,” in Müller, Gotelind (ed.), Designing History in East Asian Textbooks: Identity Politics and Transnational Aspirations, pp. 117-134. New York: Routledge.

Chun, Allen, 1996b. “From Nationalism to Nationalizing: Cultural Imagination and State Formation in Postwar Taiwan,” in Unger, Jonathan (ed.), Chinese Nationalism. New York: M.E. Sharpe.

Doong, Shiowlan, 2008. “Taiwan's New Citizenship Curriculum: Changes and Challenges”, in D.L. Grossman (Ed.), Citizenship Curriculum in Asia and the Pacific, p. 47 59.. Hong Kong: Comparative Education Research Center.

Hughes, Christopher R., 2011. “Negotiating National Identity in Taiwan: between Nativisation and De-sinicisation,” in R. Ash, J.W. Garver and P. Prime (eds.), Taiwan Democracy: Economic and Political Challenges. New York: Routledge.

Simpson, Andrew, 2007. “Taiwan,” in Simpson, Andrew, (ed.) Language & National Identity in Asia, pp. 236-259. New York: Oxford University Press.

Wang Fu-chang, 2005. “Why Bother about School Textbooks?: An Analysis of the Origin of the Disputes over Renshi Taiwan Textbooks in 1997 ,” in Hsiau, A-chin and Makeham, John, 2005. Cultural, Ethnic and Political Nationalism in Contemporary Taiwan: Bentuhua, pp. 55-101. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

Winckler Edwin A., 1994. “Cultural Policy on Postwar Taiwan,” in Stevan Harrel & Chun-chieh Huang (eds.)1994. Cultural Change in Postwar Taiwan , pp. 22-46. Taipei: SMC Publishing inc..

Journal Articles:
Cabestan, Jean-Pierre, 2008/10. “Spécificités et Limites du Nationalisme Taiwanais,” China Perspectives [online], vol. 91, Online since 01 October 2008. URL: http://perspectiveschinoises.revues.org/916 .

Chang, Bi-yu, 2008/11-12. “From Taiwanisation to De-sinification,” China Perspectives [Online], Vol. 56, Online since 29 December 2008. URL: http://chinaperspectives.revues.org/438

Chu, Samuel C., 1963. “Liu Ming-ch'uan and Modernization of Taiwan,” The Journal of Asian Studies, Vol. 23, No. 1, pp. 37-53.

Chu, Yun-han & Lin, Jih-wen, 2001/03. “Political Development in 20th-Century Taiwan: State-Building, Regime Transformation and the Construction of National Identity,” The China Quarterly, Vol. 165, pp. 102-129.

Chun, Allen, 2000/01. “Democracy as Hegemony, Globalization as Indegenization, or the 'Culture' in Taiwanese National Politics,” Journal of Asian and African Studies, Vol. 35, No. 1, pp. 7-27.

Dittemer, Lowell, 2004/7-8. “Taiwan and the Issue of National Identity,” Asian Survey, Vol. 44, No. 4, pp. 475-483.

Heylen, Ann, 2010/03. “The Transnational in Taiwan History: A Preliminary Exploration,” Concentric: Literary and Cultural Studies, Vol. 36, No. 1, pp. 9-33.

Hughes, Christoher R. and Stone, Robert., 1999. “Nation-Building and Curriculum Reform in Honk Kong and Taiwan,” China Quarterly, Vol. 160, pp. 977-991.

Law, Wing-wah, 2004. “Translating Globalization and Democratization into Local Policy: Educational Reform in Hong Kong and Taiwan,” International Review of Education, Vol. 50, No. 5/6, pp. 497-524.

Lebrun, Johanne, Lenoir Yves, etc., 2002. “Past and Current Trends in the Analysis of Textbooks in a Quebec Context,” Curriculum Inquiry, Vol. 32, No. 1, pp. 51-83.

Meihui, Liu & Li-Ching, Hung, 2002. “Identity Issues in Taiwan's History Curriculum,” International Journal of Educational Research, Vol.37, pp. 567-586.

Morgan, Katalin & Henning, Elizabeth, 2012. “Designing a Tool for History Textbook Analysis,” Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung / Forum: Qualitative Social Research , Vol. 14, No. 1, Art. 7, http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs130170.

Lynch Daniel C., 2004/7-8. “Taiwan's Self-Conscious Nation-Building Project,” Asian Survey, Vol. 44, No. 4, July, pp. 513-533.

Schubert, Gunter, 2004/7-8. “Taiwan's Political Parties and National Identity: The Rise of An Overarching Consensus,” Asian Survey, Vol. 44, No. 4, pp. 534-554.

Strahan, David B. & Herlihy, John G., 1985. “A Model for Analyzing Textbook Content,” Journal of Reading, Vol. 28, No. 5, pp. 438-443.

Su, Ya-chen, 2007. “Ideological Representations of Taiwan's History: An Analysis of Elementary
Social Studies ,” Curriculum Inquiry, Vol. 37, No. 3, pp. 205-237.

Tu, Wei-ming, 1996/12, “Cultural Identity and the Politics of Recognition in Contemporary Taiwan,” The China Quarterly, Vol. 142, pp. 1115-1140.

Verhave, T. & Sherman, Gilmur J., 1968. “Principles of Textbook Analysis,” Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, Vol. 11, No. 5, pp. 641-649.

Wang, Hong-luen, 2004/10. “National Culture and Its Discontents: the Politics of Heritage and Language in Taiwan, 1949-2003,” Comparative Studies in Society and History, Vol. 46, No. 4, pp. 786-815.

Conference Papers:

Chen, Wei-chi, 2004/12/6-10. “ The History of an Alien-Nation or the Alienation of History ? The
Controversy over History Textbook Reform in Taiwan in the 90s,” paper presented at the 18th International Conference of the Association of Historians of Asia, Taipei: Academia Sinica, pp 90-103.

Schneider, Claudia, 2007/11. “'National History' in Mainland Chinese and Taiwanese History Education: Its Current Role, Existing Challenges and Alternative Frameworks,” revised version of the presentation at the International Symposium Constructing Regional Histories – From Historiography toward History Education in the Balkans and East Asia, Tokyo.

Thesis:

Chen, Pen-juin, 2000. Manufacturing Identities: Becoming Chinese during Chiang Kai-shek's Regime (Taiwan). Ph.D. Thesis, Indiana University, Indiana, USA.

Chen, Yueh-ying, 1998. Social Change and Collective Memory: Taiwan's Two Pasts. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Georgia, Georgia, USA.

Li, Kuang-chun, 1997. Anatomy of an Identity Dilemma: A Case Study of The Transformation of Mainlanders From Sojourners to Settlers in Contemporary Taiwan. Ph.D. Thesis, The University of Texas, Austin, USA.

Speidel, William M., 1967. Liu Mingchuan in Taiwan, 1884-1891. Ph.D. Thesis, Department of Modern History, Yale University, USA.

Song, Xiao-kun, 2009. Between Civic and Ethnic : The Transformation of Taiwanese Nationalist Ideologies (1985-2000). Ph.D. Thesis, Free University of Brussels, Brussels, Belgium.

Wu, Rwei-ren, 2003. The Formosan Ideology: Oriental Colonialism and the Rise of Taiwanese Nationalism, 1895-1945. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Chicago, Chicago, USA.

Zeegers, Marie-Anne, 1974. Le Nationalisme formosan. Ph. D. Thesis, Catholic University of Louvain, Belgium.

扶志凌，《教科書內容多元化與意識型態關係的探討- 以審定本高中歷史教科書第二冊為例》（南華大學教育社會學研究所碩士論文，2004) 。Zhilin Fu, “Multiculturalism and Consciousness: the Case of High School Textbook, Second Grade” (Dalin: Nanhua University, Social Education Department, Master Thesis, 2005).

許毓峰，《解嚴前後國小社會科教科書中的臺灣圖像》（臺北:臺北教育大學教育學系碩士論文，2004）。Xu Yufeng, “The Representation of Taiwan in Pre-Martial Law Social Studies Textbooks” (Taipei: Taipei Education University, Department of Social Education, Master Thesis, 2004).

劉曉芬，《我國中學歷史教科書中台灣史教材的分析》（ 台北市 : 國立政治大學碩士論文，1991）。Liu Xiaofen, “Analysis of Taiwan History Materials in National History Textbooks” (Taipei: National Zhengzhi University, Master Thesis, 1991).

Textbooks
臺灣省教育廳, Provincial Education Office:
國語，國民小學，第三冊，1950版 . Chinese Language, Elementary School, Vol. 3, 1950 Edition.

國立編譯管, National Institute of Compilation and Translation (NICT):
生活與倫理，國民小學，第五冊，1978版 . Life and Ethics, Elementary School, Vol. 5, 1978 Edition.
社會，國民小學，第七冊，1975 版. Society, Elementary School, Vol. 7, 1981 Edition.
社會，國民小學，第七冊，1991版. Society, Elementary School, Vol. 7, 1991 Edition.
國語，國民小學，第五冊，1991版. Chinese Language, Elementary School, Vol. 5, 1991 Edition.
歷史，國民中學，第三冊，1961版. History, Junior High School, Vol. 3, 1974 Edition.
歷史，國民中學，第三冊，1972版. History, Junior High School, Vol. 3, 1984 Edition.
歷史/社會，國民中學，第一冊，1998版. History/Society, Junior High School, Vol. 1, 1998 Edition.
歷史，高級中學， 第三冊，1979版. History, Senior High School, Vol. 3, 1979 Edition.
歷史，高級中學， 第三冊，1985版. History, Senior High School, Vol. 3, 1985 Edition.

仁林出版, Renlin Publishers:
歷史/社會，國民中學，第一冊，2002版. History/Society, Junior High School, Vol. 1, 2002 Edition.

南一書局, Nanyi Publishers:
歷史/社會，國民中學，第一冊，2003版. History/Society, Junior High School, Vol.1, 2003 Edition.
歷史，高級中學，第二冊，2012版. History, Senior High School, Vol. 2, 2012 Edition.

庸軒出版, Yongxuan Publishers:
歷史/社會，國民中學，第四冊，2012版. History/Society, Elementary School, Vol. 4, 2012 Edition.


建宏出版, Jianhong Publishers:
歷史，高級中學，第二冊，2002版. History, Senior High School, Vol. 2, 2002 Edition.

龍騰文化出版, Longteng Cultural Publishers:
歷史，高級中學，第二冊，2003版. History, Senior High School, Vol. 2, 2003 Edition.

翰林出版, Hanlin Publishers:
歷史，高級中學，第二冊，2006版. History, Senior High School, Vol. 2, 2006 Edition.
歷史，高級中學，第二冊，2012版. History, Senior High School, Vol. 2, 2012 Edition.

泰宏出版, Taihong Publishers:
歷史，高級中學，第二冊，2006版. History, Senior High School, Vol. 2, 2006 Edition.

Newspapers
Lu Chien-chi, “Ideologies Cloud Facts in History Text Debate,” Taipei Times, February 14, 2014. URL: http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/editorials/archives/2014/02/14/2003583452

Iok-sin Loa, “DPP accuses Ma of Brainwashing Students,” Taipei Times, June 12, 2012. URL: http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2012/06/12/2003535115

Qiao-yi Li, “Ma calls for Taiwan Textbook Revision,” Global Times, July 13, 2012. URL: http://www.globaltimes.cn/content/720842.shtml

New York Times, “Taiwan Plans to Revise Textbook References to China,” The New York Times, July 23, 2007. URL: http://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/23/world/asia/23iht-taiwan.1.6780511.html