本研究比較臭氧與生物活性碳濾床（BACF）與超過濾薄膜(UF)方法處理原水過量鹵化乙酸（HAA）之去除效能。文中探討處理後出水鹵化乙酸（HAA）濃度變化與操作參數之影響，並利用各項水質項目進行統計分析，建立鹵化乙酸（HAA）之經驗方程式，最後並以預測值與實際量測值來驗證經驗方程式之相關係數，實驗參數主要包括臭氧劑量與空床停留時間(EBCT)。
結果顯示原水經臭氧及BACF之處理後出水或原水經BACF處理後皆可有效降低原水HAA，前者組合方法之去除率較後者單一BACF約增加10%。BACF組合UF之模組，在HAA去除效率上，當BACF操作在EBCT為50 min時，處理後出水鹵化乙酸(HAA)去除效率最佳。於一座淨水場實廠測試，以BACF 串連 UF模型廠連續操作方式處理原水，處理後出水中HAA濃度可以被控制在8.0 μg/L以下，去除率可達80%以上。BACF串聯UF處理系統之優點是阻擋不定期之生物膜脫落流出，可降低清水後加氯之生物膜型態之消毒副產物生成量，BACF 串連 UF方法處理後出水之HAA之計算值與實際值為高度相關，相關係數R2= 0.84。本研究建立之HAA經驗方程式，可藉由水質項目監測，計算淨水廠飲用水中水質與即時變化，用於清水水質管理及飲用水緊急應變。

This study is to compare the treatment performance of ozonation, biological activated carbon filters (BACF) and ultra-filtration (UF) methods on treating the excess amounts of haloacetic acids (HAA) in raw water. The experimental results in this study were to examine the variations of HAA in effluent and effects of operation factors on treatment efficiency using different treatment systems. The empirical equations of HAA concentration in effluent of different treatment systems were developed using parameters of water quality and concentrations of HAA. In final step the empirical equations of HAA were to proof the regression coefficients between the calculated values and the measurement values. The parameters of water quality were including dosages of ozone in ozonation unit and empty bed residence times (EBCT) in BACF.
Results showed the concentrations of HAA in raw water could reduce in effluent by treating systems of ozone plus BACF or by treating systems of only BACF. The treatment efficiencies of methods of ozone plus BACF were 10% higher than the method of only BACF. In method of BACF plus UF, the treatment efficiencies of HAA were obtained an optimal in raw water when the BACT was set on 50 minutes in BACF system. In field testing we were re-treating the treated drinking water in a water treatment plant, all tests were performed by a pilot plant (a BACF plus a hollow fiber membrane) which connected with the effluent of rapid sand filter in a water treatment plant. The concentrations of HAA in effluent were found all reduced below 8.0 μg/L by using the pilot plant (a BACF plus a hollow fiber membrane). The results showed the removals of HAA were over 80%. We found a probably avoid method was for biofilm leachates from BACF system by method of UF. These findings can offer to protect the reaction of HAA after-formation from biofilm release in drinking water. The BACF + UF system also could remove HAA about 80% in treated drinking water. The empirical equation was developed in this work, and verified using the analyzed values and calculated values. The regression with BACF plus UF methods showed a high coefficient of determination (R2 = 0.84), indicating a good comparison between the calculated and measured values of HAA by treating with the BACF plus UF systems. Furthermore, a prediction equation of HAA was established. These findings offer a new incites in water treatment plants to monitor the variations between water qualities in treated drinking water, and to manage the emergency procedures in drinking water.

論文審定書i
謝　　誌 ii
中文摘要 iii
Abstract iv
目　　錄 vi
圖　　次 xi
表　　次 xiv
第一章　前　　言 1
1-1　研究緣起 1
1-2　研究目的與內容 2
第二章　文獻回顧 4
2-1　自然水體中有機物之分類及性質 4
2-1-1　水中有機物的性質及種類 4
2-1-2　水中有機物之來源及影響 4
2-1-3　水中有機物之生物分解程序 9
2-2　淨水處理程序 11
2-2-1　臭氧 11
2-2-2　活性碳 12
2-2-3　生物活性碳濾床管柱試驗 12
2-2-4　薄膜 14
2-2-5　傳統淨水場處理程序出水之有機物值變化 19
2-2-6　薄膜處理程序中有機物值變化 19
2-2-7　生物活性碳濾床處理程序中有機物值變化 20
2-2-8　BACF與薄膜之處理程序 22
2-3　飲用水中之消毒副產物 24
2-3-1　消毒副產物定義 24
2-3-2　三鹵甲烷之前驅物 25
2-3-3　三鹵甲烷之分類 26
2-3-4　鹵化乙酸之前驅物 27
2-3-5　鹵化乙酸之分類 27
2-3-6　三鹵甲烷及鹵化乙酸之生成潛勢 29
2-4　統計分析 30
2-4-1　相關性分析 30
2-4-2　迴歸分析 30
2-4-3　類神經網路方法 30
第三章　研究方法 34
3-1　研究架構及流程 34
3-1-1　研究架構與流程 34
3-2　實驗流程及方法 36
3-2-1　臭氧處理程序實驗方法 36
3-2-2　生物活性碳濾床(BACF)程序實驗方法 37
3-2-3　BACF串聯中空纖維薄膜系統 38
3-2-4　現場模組之BACF系統 42
3-3　人工原水 45
3-3-1　腐植酸之配置與操作條件 45
3-3-2　腐植酸檢量線建立 46
3-4　水質項目與分析方法 47
3-4-1　總有機碳與溶解性有機碳 47
3-4-2 總有機碳 48
3-4-3 溶解性有機碳 48
3-4-4 臭氧濃度 49
3-4-5　UV254 49
3-4-6　三鹵甲烷 50
3-4-7 三鹵甲烷生成潛勢 52
3-4-8　鹵化乙酸 53
3-4-9　鹵化乙酸生成潛勢 55
3-5　統計分析 57
3-5-1 相關性分析 57
3-5-2　線性迴歸分析 58
3-5-3　類神經網路模式概述 59
3-6　分析儀器 63
第四章　結果與討論 64
4-1　原水水質背景調查 64
4-1-1　枯水期之原水水質變化 64
4-1-2　豐水期之原水水質變化 64
4-1-3　傳統淨水場之水中有機物變化 66
4-1-4　人工原水與天然原水之相關性探討 68
4-2臭氧對原水水質之處理效率 70
4-2-1臭氧系統之臭氧溶解濃度 70
4-2-2臭氧對原水水質之處理效能 72
4-3 臭氧串聯BACF對TOC及DOC處理效能 77
4-3-1 總有機碳(TOC)去除率 79
4-3-2 溶解性有機碳(DOC)去除率 81
4-4 BACF對消毒副產物DBPFP處理效能 84
4-4-1 THMFP去除率 84
4-4-2 HAAFP去除率 86
4-5　BACF及UF系統之操作參數評估 88
4-5-1　BACF對有機物處理效率 88
4-5-2　中空纖維薄膜(UF)處理程序對濁度去除效率 90
4-6　BACF及UF系統對有機物去除效率 91
4-6-1　消毒副產物處理效率 92
4-6-2　有機碳處理效率 98
4-7　質量平衡及相關性方程式建立 102
4-7-1　氯離子質量平衡 102
4-7-2　處理程序對水質參數相關性分析 103
4-7-3　處理程序對消毒副產物迴歸預測方程式 105
4-7-4　以類神經網路方法建立DBPS及DOC預測模式 109
第五章　結論與建議 113
5-1　結論 113
5-1-1　臭氧去除效率 113
5-1-2　BACF去除效率 113
5-1-3　BACF-UF去除效率 114
5-1-4　預測方程式驗證 114
5-2　建議 115
參考文獻 116

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