本研究旨在比較顆粒活性碳與奈米碳管吸附處理水中微量過氯酸鹽，探討吸附過氯酸鹽效率、及操作條件對吸附之影響效應。本研究將進行等溫平衡試驗及吸附模式評估，了解這二種吸附劑吸附過氯酸鹽的機制。再利用動力實驗計算吸附劑對過氯酸鹽之熱力學常數。
實驗結果顯示等溫吸附試驗控制在恆溫5–45℃，粒狀活性碳吸附量為28.2–33.9 mg/g，奈米碳管吸附量為10.0 – 13.6 mg/g，吸附數據適用Langmuir及Freundlich模式。在吸附過氯酸鹽之動力試驗顯示二種吸附劑約在8小時達到平衡，吸附量隨著過氯酸鹽濃度增加及離子強度減少而增加。動力實驗結果顯示都可以Modified Freundlich equation、Pseudo-1st-order equation、Pseudo-2nd-order equation三種模式描述。奈米碳管熱力學參數ΔGo值為- 0.77 ~ - 0.8 kcal/mol、△Ho為- 0.6 kcal/mol，△So為0.53~0.72 cal/mol-K 。粒狀活性碳熱力學參數ΔGo值為- 0.99 ~ - 1.11 kcal/mol、△Ho為- 0.6 kcal/mol，△So為1.21 ~ 1.84 cal/mol-K，顯示粒狀活性碳與奈米碳管之吸附過程屬於自發性放熱反應。

This study is focused to compare the adsorption of perchlorate by using granular activated carbon (GAC) and carbon nanotubes (CNT) in synthetically solutions, and to investigate their adsorption capacities and the effects of operation conditions on these adsorptions. In this study GAC and CNT as adsorbents were be carried to isothermal equilibrium and to obtain adsorption models for understanding the adsorption mechanisms of perchlorate by GAC and CNT. Finally thermodynamics and related constants of perchlorate adsorbed by GAC and CNT were discussed with the experimental results of kinetic adsorption.
Experimental results showed the adsorption capacities of perchlorate by GAC and CNT were at 28.2–33.9 mg/g and 10.0 – 13.6 mg/g respectively under a thermostat range 5-45 ℃ of isothermal tests. The all tests results of GAC and CNT were all suitable Langmuir and Freundlich models. In experiments on adsorption of perchlorate by two kinds of adsorbents, results show that dynamics approximately 8 hours to reach equilibrium of adsorption. The adsorption increased and decreased with the increased ionic strengths and concentrations of perchlorate.
The results of kinetic study showed the adsorption of perchlorate by GAC and CNT could all described by Modified Freundlich equation、Pseudo-1st-order equation、Pseudo-2nd-order equation. The constants of thermodynamic on CNT are : ΔGo were in range of - 0.77 ~ - 0.80 kcal/mol , △Ho were in range of - 0.6 kcal/mol, and △So were in range of 0.53 ~ 0.72 cal/mol-K. The constants of thermodynamic on GAC are : ΔGo were in range of - 0.99 ~ - 1.11 kcal/mol, △Ho were in range of - 0.6 kcal/mol, and △So were in range of 1.21 ~ 1.84 cal/mol-K. The reactions of perchlorate adsorbed on GAC and CNT were all belonging to spontaneously exothermic reactions.

目　　錄
謝 誌 i
中文摘要 iii
英文摘要 iv
目　　錄 vi
表　　次 x
圖　　次 xii
第一章　前　言 1
1.1 研究緣起 1
1.2 研究目的 2
1.3 研究內容 3
第二章　文獻回顧 4
2.1 吸附分離技術應用 4
2.2 無機鹽來源 6
2.3 硫酸鹽、氯鹽與硝酸鹽對人體之影響 7
2.3.1　硫酸鹽 7
2.3.2　氯鹽 9
2.3.3　硝酸鹽 10
2.3.4　過氯酸鹽的來源及人體之健康影響 12
2.4 過氯酸鹽的分析技術 14
2.4.1　早期分析方法 14
2.4.2　現代分析方法 17
2.5 奈米碳管介紹 17
2.6 奈米碳管之應用 27
2.7 活性碳 34
2.7.1　活性碳的構造 34
2.7.2　活性碳的物化性質 35
2.8 吸附原理 36
2.8.1　影響吸附能力因素 38
2.8.2　動力吸附模式 40
2.8.3　等溫吸附模式 42
2.8 熱力學模式 45
第三章　研究設備與方法 47
3.1 實驗流程 47
3.2 實驗材料與設備 50
3.2.1　實驗材料 50
3.3 實驗設備 53
3.4 實驗藥品 57
3.5 分析方法 57
3.5.1　過氯酸鹽之分析方法 58
3.5.2　過氯酸鹽之檢量線配製 59
3.6 奈米碳管之特性分析 60
3.6.1　掃描式電子顯微鏡 60
3.6.2　比表面積分析儀 60
3.6.3　霍氏轉換紅外線光譜 61
3.6.4　熱重量分析儀 61
3.7 吸附實驗步驟 62
3.7.1　實驗裝置 62
3.7.2　過氯酸鹽動力吸附實驗 62
3.7.3　pH值實驗 63
3.7.4　溫度實驗 63
第四章　結果與討論 64
4.1 奈米碳管與粒狀活性碳之特性 64
4.2 過氯酸鹽之吸附效率 68
4.3 離子強度對過氯酸鹽吸附的變化 69
4.4 不同腐植酸濃度之影響 74
4.5 過氯酸鹽等溫吸附 78
4.5.1　不同pH值之影響 78
4.5.2　不同溫度之影響 79
4.6 吸附熱力學之計算 81
4.7 國內外文獻之吸附劑及效率之比較 83
第五章　結論與建議 85
5.1 結論 85
5.2 建議 86
參考文獻 87
表　　次
表2-1　環境工程上之吸附劑基本類型 5
表2-2　碳之同素異形體的結構與物性 20
表2-3　奈米碳管製程比較表 21
表2-4　物理吸附與化學吸附 38
表3-1　單壁奈米碳管比表面積相關資料 50
表3-2　奈米碳管之物理性質 51
表3-3　粒狀活性碳之物理性質 51
表3-4　水質調查分析方法彙整表 58
表3-5　孔徑等級 61
表4-1　二種吸附劑之物理特性 67
表4-2　奈米碳管以不同動力模式模擬不同離子強度之參數 72
表4-3　粒狀活性碳以不同動力模式模擬不同離子強度之參數 73
表4-4　奈米碳管以不同動力模式模擬不同腐植酸之參數 77
表4-5　粒狀活性碳以不同動力模式模擬不同腐植酸之參數 77
表4-6　不同溫度下進行Langmuir及Freundlich模式模擬奈米碳管等溫吸附過氯酸鹽之參數 81
表4-7　不同溫度下進行Langmuir及Freundlich模式模擬粒狀活性碳等溫吸附過氯酸鹽之參數 81
表4-8　以奈米碳管吸附過氯酸鹽之熱力學參數 82
表4-9　以粒狀活性碳吸附過氯酸鹽之熱力學參數 83
表4-10　不同吸附劑對過氯酸鹽吸附之比較 84
圖　　次
圖2-1　單層碳管 18
圖2-2　多層奈米碳管 19
圖2-3　奈米碳管形式 19
圖2-4　電弧放電法原理 22
圖2-5　化學氣相沈積法原理 23
圖2-6　微波輔助化學氣相沉積法原理 24
圖2-7　雷射氣化法原理 24
圖2-8　奈米碳管五環與七環結構 25
圖2-9　單壁奈米碳管 26
圖2-10　多壁奈米碳管 26
圖2-11　Freundlich方程式吸附曲線 43
圖2-12　Langmuir方程式吸附曲線 44
圖3-1　研究架構流程圖 48
圖3-2　去除水中過氯酸鹽之研究流程圖 49
圖3-3　奈米碳管之SEM 52
圖3-4　奈米碳管之EDS 52
圖3-5　掃描式電子顯微鏡 60
圖4-1　奈米碳管之SEM 65
圖4-2　奈米碳管之EDS 65
圖4-3　粒狀活性碳之SEM 66
圖4-4　粒狀活性碳之EDS 66
圖4-5　奈米碳管之FTIR 68
圖4-6　過氯酸鹽吸附容量隨時間變化之趨勢 69
圖4-7　Modified Freundlich Equation模式探討不同吸附劑在不同離子強度下吸附反應速率比較分析 71
圖4-8　Pseudo-1st-order模式探討不同吸附劑在不同離子強度下吸附反應速率比較分析 71
圖4-9　Pseudo-2nd-order模式探討不同吸附劑在不同離子強度下吸附反應速率比較分析 72
圖4-10　以Modified Freundlich equation模式探討不同吸附劑在不同腐植酸濃度下吸附反應速率比較分析 75
圖4-11　以Pseudo-1st-order模式探討不同吸附劑在不同腐植酸濃度下吸附反應速率比較分析 76
圖4-12　以Pseudo-2nd-order模式探討不同吸附劑在不同腐植酸濃度下吸附反應速率比較分析 76
圖4-13　不同pH對過氯酸鹽之平衡吸附結果 78
圖4-14　以Langmuir模式下探討不同溫度下對過氯酸鹽平衡吸附結果 80
圖4-15　以Freundlich模式下探討不同溫度下對過氯酸鹽平衡吸附結果 80
圖4-16　奈米碳管吸附過氯酸鹽之lnK0及1/T之關係圖 82

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