本論文主要是研製以砷化銦鎵量子點綴於阱為增益材料的微碟型雷射，並利用微碟型雷射的耳語模態來增強量子點的自發輻射強度。論文的第一部份是用一系列微碟型共振腔來驗證所研製的雷射，其在室溫可工作的最大波長範圍。這些微碟型雷射其直徑大小約從1.62 μm以每10 nm遞增至1.86 μm，並皆俱有模態數為m=8的第一階耳語模態，同時利用此模態來增強量子點在基態躍遷的自發輻射，經由量測元件在此模態下的雷射譜，其可調變的波長範圍由1180 nm至1263 nm，波長連續可調變的範圍約為80 nm。而在所研製的砷化銦鎵量子點微碟型雷射中，室溫操作下最低的臨界光激發功率為13 μW，且該元件的自發輻射因子β為0.674。第二部份是更進一步利用此寬波段砷化銦鎵量子點來探討垂直耦合雙微碟型雷射所產生的鍵結與反鍵結光模態，總共研製三種不同間隙的垂直耦合雙微碟型雷射，並成功地量得室溫下的光激發雷射譜，而三種光耦合間隙分別為100 nm、200 nm與480 nm。對於光耦合間隙為100 nm與200 nm、直徑約為1.9 μm的雙微碟型雷射，所量到的最低光激發功率分別為70 μW與50 μW，這種光耦合元件可以應用在利用差頻來產生兆赫波的光源。第三部份是將砷化銦鎵量子點微碟型雷射整合在AlAs-GaAs分佈式布拉格反射鏡上，以達到元件在力學上相對穩定及未來發展電激發的目標。經由變溫量測分佈式布拉格反射鏡的反射譜，砷化鋁與砷化鎵的熱光係數在波長為1200 nm附近分別是2.2105×10-4 nm/K 與 2.8789×10-4 nm/K，而此種由AlAs-GaAs分佈式布拉格反射鏡所支撐的砷化銦鎵量子點微碟型雷射，在溫度T=110 K、共振腔直徑為2 μm的元件上，量得的雷射發光波長分別為1040 nm、1090 nm及1146 nm，這三個發光波長所對應的第一階耳語模態數為m=12, 13, 14。最後一部份是探討當金屬奈米粒子放在微碟型雷射上時，在低溫T=80 K時的發光特性，當沒有金屬奈米粒子時，微碟型雷射在第一階耳語模態數為m=22且發光波長為1160 nm時的臨界激發功率約為635 μW，當有金屬奈米粒子時，微碟型雷射在第一階耳語模態數為m=24且發光波長為1098 nm時的臨界激發功率增加至2.45 mW。

This thesis describes the fabrication of microdisk lasers that contain gain materials with InGaAs quantum dots. The spontaneous emissions from the specific sizes of quantum dots are enhanced by the whispering gallery modes (WGMs) of the microdisk cavity. First, the lasing wavelength range of InGaAs QDs microdisk cavities is examined. A series of microdisk lasers with diameters that vary in steps of 10 nm from 1.62 μm to 1.86 μm is used, which have a first-order WGM with m=8 enhance the ground state emission of quantum dots in the wavelength range from 1180 nm to 1263 nm. The width of continuous wavelength tuning range is about 80 nm. The lowest threshold power among these QD-containing microdisk lasers is only about 13 μW with a spontaneous emission factor β= 0.674. Second, the bonding and anti-bonding modes of vertically-coupled double microdisk cavities are investigated by utilizing the optical coupling between them. Vertically-coupled double microdisk lasers with three gaps of 100, 200, and 480 nm were fabricated. Room-temperature lasing spectra of the vertically-coupled double microdisks with three gaps but similar diameters around 1.9 μm were obtained. The threshold powers for gaps of 100 nm and 200 nm were approximately 70 μW and 50 μW, respectively. These devices are attractive for use in multiple terahertz light sources based on frequency difference generation. Third, a QD-containing disk cavity is placed on an AlAs/GaAs DBR substrate to develop a mechanically stable current injection structure. The thermo-optical coefficients of AlAs and GaAs for wavelengths around 1200 nm were determined to be 2.2105×10-4 nm/K and 2.8789×10-4 nm/K, respectively. Three emission peaks at 1040 nm, 1090 nm, and 1146 nm were obtained from a DBR-supporting microdisk laser with diameter D=2 μm at T=110 K. These emission peaks were also verified as the first-order WGMs with m=12, 13, and 14. Finally, the emission behaviors of microdisk lasers at T=80 K when a metal nanoparticle is on the top surface of the microdisk cavity are studied. Without the metal NP, the threshold power of the microdisk laser is around 635 μW for the first-order WGM with m=22 at λ=1160 nm. With the metal NP, the threshold power of the microdisk laser is increased to 2.45 mW for the first-order WGM with m=24 at λ=1098 nm.

Chapter 1 Introduction 1
1.1 Theory of whispering gallery mode resonators 1
1.2 Parameters of the microdisk cavities 3
1.3 Outline of this thesis 7
References 8
Chapter 2 9
Wavelength tunability in compact microdisks with InGaAs quantum dots-in-a-well structure 9
2.1 Introduction to quantum dots 9
2.2 Motivation for tunability of wavelength in DWELL microdisk cavities 13
2.3 Structure and fabrication of InGaAs DWELL 16
2.4 Tunability for InGaAs DWELL structure 22
2.5 Lasing characteristics of a microdisk laser 25
2.6 Refractive index sensing 30
2.7 Time-domain measurement 34
2.8 Summary 39
References 39
Chapter 3 41
Vertically-coupled double microdisk lasers of InGaAs with quantum dots-in-a-well structure 41
3.1 Introduction 41
3.2 InGaAs DWELL wafer structures 44
3.3 Dry etching and fabrication of photonic molecular lasers 52
3.4 Measurements of vertically-coupled double microdisk lasers 58
3.5 Refractive index sensing 67
3.6 Summary 74
References 74
Chapter 4 76
Microdisk cavity laser with InGaAs quantum dots on AlAs/GaAs distributed Bragg reflector 76
4.1 Introduction 76
4.2 Wafer structure for InGaAs quantum dots on AlAs/GaAs DBR 82
4.3 Measurements of the reflectance spectra 83
4.4 Fitting values of the refractive indices for AlAs/GaAs at T=110 K 92
4.5 Fabrication procedure 94
4.6 Lasing spectrum for a pillar microdisk cavity 95
4.7 Influence of etching pair numbers on the cavity’s WGM 100
4.8 Influences of AlAs cracks on the cavity’s WGM 101
4.9 Summary 104
References 105
Chapter 5 108
Lasing modes for microdisk lasers with position-controlled cylindrical metal nanoparticles 108
5.1 Introduction 108
5.2 Fabrication of site-controlled Au88Ge12 cylindrical metal nanoparticles on microdisk cavities 115
5.3 Measurements of microdisk cavities with one nanoparticle 121
5.4 Summary 127
References 127
Appendix A 129
Quantum efficiency enhancement in selectively transparent silicon thin film solar cells by distributed bragg reflectors 129
A.1 Introduction 129
A.2 Distributed Bragg reflector structure designs 132
A.3 Reflectance measurements of distributed Bragg reflector 133
A.4 Measurement results and EQE simulation 136
A.5 EQE simulation 139
A.6 Conclusions 142
Reference 143
Publication list 147

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