降壓節能(Conservation voltage reduction, CVR)的研究已有數十年歷史，也被很多的電力業者包含台灣電力公司所採用，以解決短期電力運轉問題及節省能源的消耗。為確保配電線路降壓節能運轉的有效性，用戶端設備的負載特性及配電變壓器負載受電壓變動時的影響，需深入探討，以確保資料分析的正確性。由於配電自動化系統(Distribution Automation, DA)、資料收集及監控系統(Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition, SCADA)以及先進電表基礎建設(Advanced Metering Infrastructure, AMI)的發展，使得精確的配電變壓器負載及饋線模型得以藉由擷取自這些系統的運轉資料而獲得。本論文利用配電饋線、變壓器的實、虛功電力量測值及AMI資料，研究配電變壓器負載受有載分接頭(on-load tap changer, OLTC)運轉之影響。本研究利用一個AMI及SCADA資料的處理程序，識別及驗證饋線節點負載及可能存在的變壓器連接相別錯誤。藉用有效的饋線及節點模型搭配配電線路狀態估計法以建立線上饋線運轉模型。利用近似即時配電線路模型，本論文提出整合電壓/虛功控制架構，包含OLTC、並聯電容器、饋線開關操作控制，以達成多饋線的降壓節能運轉，期望得到更高的節能效益並確保各個節點的電壓品質。

Conservation voltage reduction (CVR) study has been conducted for decades and practiced by many utilities, including Taiwan Power Company, to deal with the short term operation problems and conduct energy conservation. To ensure effective distribution feeder level CVR operations, the load behaviors of equipment at the customer side and the distribution transformers under varying voltage situations have to be studied and validated. Due to the advancement of Distribution Automation (DA) system, Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) system and the Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI), accurate distribution transformer load and feeder models could be established by exploiting the data available from these system. In this dissertation, real and reactive power data measured at substation, distribution feeders and transformers are used to study the effects of on-load tap changer (OLTC) operations on the distribution transformers loading. A procedure that uses AMI and SCADA data is proposed to validate feeder node loads and detect possible database errors concerning the distribution transformers phase connections. Validated feeder and node load models are then used to perform distribution feeder state estimation to build the on-line feeder operation model. With the close to real-time distribution feeder models, an integrated voltage volt/var control scheme including OLTC, shunt capacitors and feeder tie switches operations, is proposed and demonstrated to achieve multi feeder level CVR operations that could lead to greater energy saving and ensure the voltage quality at each load point.

論文審定書 i
誌謝 ii
摘要 iii
Abstract iv
第一章 緒論 1
1.1 研究背景與動機 1
1.2 文獻回顧 2
1.2.1電力產業新科技 2
1.2.1.1 智慧型電網 2
1.2.1.2 自動讀表基礎建設 4
1.2.1.3 配電自動化 10
1.2.1.4 配電管理系統 13
1.2.2 降壓節能 15
1.2.2.1 降壓節能的定義 16
1.2.2.2 降壓節能與負載模型 18
1.2.2.3 降壓節能效益評估 22
1.2.2.4 降壓節能的策略運用 30
1.2.2.5 電容器對降壓節能的影響 34
1.2.2.6 降壓節能運轉的關鍵因素 34
1.2.3 負載模型 35
1.2.3.1靜態負載模型 35
1.2.3.2動態負載模型 36
1.2.3.3多項式負載模型 38
1.2.3.4 負載模型對降壓節能之影響 38
1.3 研究目的及論文架構 43
1.4 本論文貢獻 45
第二章 以配電系統狀態估計為基礎之配電系統及負載模型建立 46
2.1 負載模型建立 46
2.1.1 用戶負載行為 46
2.1.2 廻歸法建立ZIP負載模型 47
2.1.3 ZIP負載模型模擬 49
2.2 配電饋線運轉模型建立 50
2.2.1 配電系統模型 52
2.2.2 系統之線路參數模擬 54
2.2.3 系統之負載量測參數模擬 56
2.2.4 系統之負載ZIP參數模擬 61
2.3 配電系統負載模型實測案例驗證 63
2.3.1 用戶端電壓/負載曲線 64
2.3.2 利用實測資料建立之負載模型範例 68
2.4 配電系統狀態估計 71
2.4.1 三相配電系統狀態估計演算法 71
2.4.2 不良數據檢測及修正 75
2.5 配電變壓器不良數據檢測 77
2.5.1 變壓器相別錯誤識別 80
2.5.2 相別錯誤識別及修正演算法 82
2.5.3 相別錯誤識別及修正實例 86
2.6 討論 92
第三章 結合饋線重組及電壓控制之降壓節能 95
3.1 降壓節能演算法 95
3.2 OLTC之調控機制 101
3.3 粒子群演算法之饋線重組 101
3.4 結合饋線重組及電壓控制之降壓節能問題完整陳述 106
3.5 求解方法 109
3.6 討論 113
第四章 結合饋線重組及電壓控制之降壓節能系統模擬 118
4.1 模擬系統及案例說明 118
4.2 系統模擬 119
4.2.1 考慮配電變壓器重載(Level 1)之系統模擬 121
4.2.2 考慮配電饋線重載(Level 2)之系統模擬 127
4.2.3 考慮變電所主變重載(Level 3)之系統模擬 132
4.3 降壓節能效益分析比較 137
4.4 影響降壓節能運轉之不確定性因素 144
4.5 討論 147
第五章 結論與未來研究方向 149
參考文獻 152
附錄 159
A1常態負載之負載參數及模擬結果(模擬系統詳圖2-3) 159
A2配電變壓器重載之負載參數及模擬結果(模擬系統詳圖2-3) 160
A3饋線重載之負載參數及模擬結果(模擬系統詳圖2-3) 167
A4主變壓器重載之負載參數及模擬結果(模擬系統詳圖4-1) 175

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