「內在語言」為兒童發展、認知與臨床心理學中被廣泛探討的概念，但內在語言的使用在青少年後期自我發展的研究獲得較少關注，針對台灣青年學生（大學生）內在語言的研究更是少之又少。為了更加的瞭解大學生內在語言的發展，本研究乃從探索內在語言與其有平行性發展關係之自我相關項的角度切入，根據內在語言的概念和自我相關的發展理論，聚焦於對話性、評價性內在語言與三個和自我有關的發展性特質（自我概念清晰度、認同承諾及青少年自我中心主義）。透過便利取樣，265名大學生參與此項相關性研究，參與者的內在語言、自我概念清晰度、認同承諾，以及青少年自我中心主義以自陳式量表測量。積差相關分析和典型相關分析顯示大學生對話式與評量式內在語言和青少年自我中心主義有正相關，但和認定承諾沒有關聯。對話式內在語言和自我概念清晰度為負相關。然而，內在語言和自我概念清晰度的負相關存在性別差異，而且只在女性身上發現。文末討論支持與未持假設的結果、研究限制、未來方向，以及教育啟發。本研究發現將可瞭解內在語言在青年學生自我發展中所扮演的角色，以及從內在語言做為青年自我發展干預方案的成效評估，提供發展性基礎。

Inner speech is a phenomenon that has been widely studied in work on child development, cognitive psychology, and clinical psychology. However, its engagement in late adolescence has received little attention in the research literature. Moreover, few studies have been undertaken to investigate the link between engagement in inner speech and self-development among college students. The current study aimed to provide a better understanding of the role of inner speech in college students by exploring parallels between inner speech and three developmental correlates. Based on concepts of inner speech and self-related developmental theories, this research focused on the relationships of dialogic and evaluative inner speech to self-concept clarity, identity commitment, and adolescent egocentrism. A correlational study was conducted to test predicted correlations. Two hundred and sixty-five college students were recruited via convenience sampling methods. Participants completed self-report scales measuring inner speech, self-concept clarity, adolescent egocentrism, and identity commitment. Results of the correlational analyses and canonical analysis consistently showed that the extent to which undergraduate participants engaged in dialogic and evaluative inner speech was positively correlated with adolescent egocentrism. However, these two forms of inner speech were not associated with identity commitment. Moreover, dialogic inner speech was negatively correlated with self-concept clarity. Gender differences emerged with respect to the negative correlation between inner speech and self-concept clarity, which was only found among female participants. Supported and unsupported hypotheses, research limitations, and future directions are discussed and educational implications are identified. The present findings may provide insights into the role of inner speech in the self-development of college students and the developmental bases of the use of inner speech, providing indicators for evaluating the effects of self-development intervention in late adolescence.

Dissertation Validation Letter…………………………………………………i
Dissertation Authorization letter……………………………………………...ii
Acknowledgement……………………………………………………………iii
Chinese Abstract………………………………………….……….….….. iv
English Abstract …...…………………………..……………………..……. v
Chapter 1 Introduction …………………………...……………….……1
Chapter 2 Literature Review………………………...………………...2
2.1 Inner Speech …...………....……….……………………………..... 2
2.2 Developmental Correlates of Inner Speech…....….……….……12
2.2.1 Self-Concept Clarity…………………………………………….13
2.2.2 Identity Commitment……………………………………………14
2.2.3 Adolescent Egocentrism ………………………………………16
Chapter 3 Methodology………………………………………..…… 20
3.1 Participants……………………………………………………… 20
3.2 Research Framework……………………………………………20
3.3 Research Questions & Hypothesis…...………………………21
3.4 Measures ……………………………………………...…………23
3.4.1 Inner Speech ………………………………………………….25
3.4.2 Self-concept Clarity…………………...……………………….27
3.4.3 Identity Commitment ………………………………………….27
3.4.4 Adolescent Egocentrism ……………………………………….28
Chapter 4 Results …………………………………………………… 29
4.1 Correlation Analysis …………………………………………… 29
4.2 Canonical Correlation Analysis………………...………………... 30
4.3 Correlation Analysis of Gender Differences…………………… 33
Chapter 5 Discussion………………………...………………………… 36
5.1 Supported and Unsupported Hypotheses ……………………… 36
5.1.1 Hypothesis Regarding the Connection between Inner Speech and Self-Concept Clarity……………………………………...…………..37
5.1.2 Hypothesis Regarding the Connection between Inner Speech and Identity Commitment…………………………………………..……..38
5.1.3 Hypothesis Regarding the Connection between Inner Speech and Adolescent Egocentrism…………………………………………...…39
5.2 Gender Differences in Inner Speech and Self-Concept Clarity …. 40
5.3 Limitations.……………………………………………………… 41
5.4 Directions for Future Research …….………………………… 42
5.5 Implications …………………….……………………………… 43
References……………………………………………………….……..46
Appendices…………………………………………………………… 56
Varieties of Inner Speech Questionnaire (VISQ) Scale
Self-Concept Clarity Scale (SCC)
Ego Identity Process Questionnaire (EIPQ)
Adolescent Egocentrism-Sociocentrism (AES) Scale
Chinese Translation of Questionnaires

List of Figures
Figure 1 Internalization of Inner Speech .……………….....……………..…...….…………6
Figure 2 The Overall Association between Inner Speech and Development Correlates ...…....……….….………………………..……………………………21
Figure 3 Canonical Correlations for the variables………..……………….…..…………..32

List of Tables
Table 1 Descriptive Statistics and Correlations among Variables.............................…..…30
Table 2 Summary of Canonical Correlation Analysis …………..…………………...……31
Table 3 Descriptive Statistics and Correlations among variables in Males and Females ……………………………………………..…………….………….……34

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