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博碩士論文 etd-0528116-162925 詳細資訊
Title page for etd-0528116-162925
論文名稱
Title
水中氯胺控制條件之研究
Study of control conditions on chloramine in water
系所名稱
Department
畢業學年期
Year, semester
語文別
Language
學位類別
Degree
頁數
Number of pages
91
研究生
Author
指導教授
Advisor
召集委員
Convenor
口試委員
Advisory Committee
口試日期
Date of Exam
2016-06-02
繳交日期
Date of Submission
2016-06-29
關鍵字
Keywords
薄膜、消毒、氯胺、氨氮、次氯酸鈉
ammonia nitrogen, membrane, disinfection, chloramine, NaOCl
統計
Statistics
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中文摘要
本研究旨在探討氯胺的操作條件與水質監測項目之關係,用於提高水再生之殺菌效果。水再生設計重點在於薄膜系統,而氯胺對生物阻塞影響是薄膜系統設計重點。
本實驗使用瓶杯試驗(jar test)進行所有試驗,利用高、低濃度氨水分別於pH=6、7、8條件下添加適量之次氯酸鈉的,來觀察氯胺之生成與pH之關係,以硫酸與鹽酸調整pH。最後,利用pH與氧化還原電位(ORP)項目來觀察餘氯曲線之變化,找出氯胺生成之控制條件。實驗結果顯示,當氨氮濃度高、低或是pH= 6、7、8條件下,在Cl2與N重量比3.9:1(莫耳比0.76:1)時,氯胺生成濃度最高;在Cl2與N重量比6.4:1(莫耳比1.27:1)時,自由氯(Free chlorine)開始出現。在Cl2與N重量比7.7:1(莫耳比1.52:1)時,氨氮已完全反應完畢,即氯與氨的反應終點。為了考量氯胺生成與避免自由氯產生,因此本試驗將氯胺的警戒點設定為Cl2與N重量比5.1:1(莫耳比1:1),是為防止自由氯(Free chlorine)產生,並以氯胺的最高濃度Cl2與N重量比3.9:1(莫耳比0.76:1)設定為氯胺的最佳控制條件。使用鹽酸(HCl)與硫酸(H2SO4)調整pH,對氯胺的形成無太大影響,因此建議於RO系統前可使用硫酸(H2SO4)調整pH,提高RO系統對水中氨氮之去除效率。RO系統應用時二種限制狀況,建議停止加藥消毒: (1)當原水含低濃度氨氮時,pH小於6.80與ORP大於603.7 mV;(2)當原水含高濃度氨氮時,pH小於6.73與ORP大於625.8 mV。
Abstract
This study is focused to investigate the relations between operation conditions of chloramine and monitoring items of water quality, and could be used for increasing the efficiency of disinfection on water reusing. The major points of design on water reusing are to consider the optimal operation in membrane systems. The effects of chloramine of biological block on operation of membrane systems are found primarily considered in designing.
In this study the jar tests were used in all tests. The relations between formation of chloramine and pH were observed by using high and low concentrations of ammonia solution reacted with NaOCl solutions added by us under pH = 6, 7, 8 respectively. The levels of pH were adjusted with H2SO4 and HCl in this work. Final step was conducted to study the variations of residual chlorine curves using pH and ORP. This step could obtain the control conditions of chloramine in all tests. The experimental results showed the formatting concentrations of chloramine was the highest in weight ratio 3.9:1 of Cl2/N (molar ratio was 0.76:1) when concentrations of ammonia nitrogen were high or low and pH were set on 6, 7, and 8. The concentrations of free chlorine were started to format in reaction when weight ratio 6.4:1 of Cl2/N (molar ratio was 1.27:1) was set in reaction. The reaction of ammonia nitrogen was finished when weight ratio 7.7:1 of Cl2/N (molar ratio was 1.52:1) conducted in reaction. In this study for considering chloramine formatting and avoiding free chlorine formatting, thus made the alarming point of chloramine was set on weight ratio 5.5 :1 of Cl2/N (molar ratio was 1:1) for avoiding free chlorine formatting, and made the optimal point of chloramine was set on weight ratio 3.95 :1 of Cl2/N (molar ratio was 0.76:1). It was no significant effects on formatting concentrations of chloramine under different pH by adjusting with H2SO4 and HCl in this work. Therefore, H2SO4 was primarily selected to adjust pH of raw water in influent of RO systems. For this way could raise the treatment efficiency of ammonia nitrogen in RO systems. The limited conditions of application were suggested the times for stopping added chemicals in RO systems when two controlling conditions were observed: (1) when low concentrations of ammonia nitrogen in raw water, pH were lower than 6.8 and ORP were larger than 603.7mV; (2) when high concentrations of ammonia nitrogen in raw water, pH were lower than 6.73 and ORP were larger than 625.8mV.
目次 Table of Contents
摘要 i
Abstract ii
目錄 iv
表目錄 vii
圖目錄 viii
第一章 前言 1
1.1研究緣起 1
1.2 研究目的 2
1.3 研究內容 3
第二章 文獻回顧 4
2-1消毒劑之比較 4
2-2氯消毒的介紹 5
2-2-1氯的介紹 5
2-2-2 氯消毒機制 6
2-2-3 氯與氨的比例 9
2-2-4 氯消毒對逆滲透膜之影響 12
2-3氯胺 13
2-3-1氯胺的介紹 13
2-3-2氯胺的形成 15
2-3-3氯胺的應用 16
2-4 氧化還原電位(Oxidation-Reduction Potential, Redox Potential) 18
2-4-1 基本原理介紹 18
2-4-2 氧化還原電位的應用 20
2-5 逆滲透膜(Reverse Osmosis) 24
第三章 實驗方法與步驟 25
3-1實驗方法 25
3-2實驗設備與藥品配置 25
3-3實驗步驟 29
第四章 結果與討論 35
4-1 實驗結果以莫耳數討論 35
4-1-1 高濃度(15 mg/L)與低濃度(1.5 mg/L)氨水比較結果 35
4-1-2 鹽酸(HCl)調整pH的實驗情況 39
4-1-3 硫酸(H2SO4)調整pH的實驗情況 42
4-1-4鹽酸(HCl)與硫酸(H2SO4)的結果比較分析 45
4-2 實驗結果以重量比討論 49
4-2-1 高濃度(15 mg/L)與低濃度(1.5 mg/L)氨水比較結果 49
4-2-2 鹽酸(HCl)調整pH的實驗情況 51
4-2-3 硫酸(H2SO4)調整pH的實驗情況 54
4-2-4鹽酸(HCl)與硫酸(H2SO4)的結果比較分析 57
4-3 氧化還原電位(ORP)與pH變化的討論 60
4-4 控制條件 64
4-5 實驗檢討 65
第五章 結論與建議 67
5-1 結論 67
5-2 建議 67
參考文獻 69
附錄A 71
參考文獻 References
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