本研究調查高雄市後勁溪底泥中8種鄰苯二甲酸酯類之殘留量，並選定適當採樣點位採集大量底泥，並利用奈米級Fe3O4活化過硫酸鹽氧化程序佐以電動力法整治底泥中鄰苯二甲酸酯類，並針對含鄰苯二甲酸酯類污染之模擬水樣進行其反應動力及中間產物之探討。
於後勁溪底泥殘留量調查方面，針對7個採樣點位進行4梯次底泥樣品之調查，研究結果發現，該河川底泥中可檢出4種鄰苯二甲酸酯類，於楠梓溪支流三奶壇橋採樣點位可檢出mg/kg (ppm濃度) 等級之DEHP (鄰苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯) 殘留量，其平均殘留濃度 (2,886 μg/kg) 及最高濃度 (5,477 μg/kg) 為「底泥品質指標之分類管理及用途限制辦法」之下限值1.46及2.78倍。
於奈米級Fe3O4活化過硫酸鹽氧化降解模擬水樣及底泥中鄰苯二甲酸酯類之反應動力學方面，標的污染物之反應可藉由擬一階反應動力方程式加以描述，結果顯示，隨著標的污染物其烷基鏈之增加，反應速率常數隨之減小，而標的污染物之反應速率常數k值亦受模擬水樣及底泥中所含物質影響；針對氧化降解之產物質荷比 (m/z) 加以探討，降解產物與水溶液中殘留物質具有交互作用，致使檢出之質荷比 (m/z) 大於標的污染物者。
於電動力輔助奈米級Fe3O4活化過硫酸鹽氧化降解底泥中鄰苯二甲酸酯類方面，本研究電動力試驗用之底泥係採自後勁溪流域之德惠橋採樣點位，試驗結果顯示：(1) 於陽極槽注入奈米級Fe3O4及過硫酸鹽的試驗組別，其注入物可藉由電滲透流移向陰極端，同時藉由反應產生之SO4–‧、OH‧及H2SO5等強氧化劑，可將底泥中鄰苯二甲酸酯類予以有效降解；(2) 單純提高電位梯度 (1 V/cm→2 V/cm) 有助於鄰苯二甲酸酯類之去除；(3) 反應28日之試驗組別，奈米級Fe3O4反應生成之Fe2+及Fe3+，藉離子遷移往陰極端移動，並於鄰近陰極端底泥產生Fe(OH)2(s)及Fe(OH)3(s)，進而堵塞底泥孔隙，降低電滲透流流量，因此，與反應14日之試驗組別相較，鄰苯二甲酸酯類去除率的提升不會超過15%；(4) 反應56日之試驗組別在較高的室溫條件下所操作，導致投入之S2O82–尚未進入底泥室即已受到稍高溫度之加速催化而降低其有效濃度，因此，反應時間的增加，鄰苯二甲酸酯類去除率並無提升；(5) 若將試藥級藥劑以工業級藥劑替代，最佳試驗組別其總操作費用可由104,982元/公噸降至3,192元/公噸，操作費用相較其他整治技術為中等，因此，本整治技術具有其應用潛勢。

The main objectives of this study are three-fold: (1) to investigate the residual concentrations of eight phthalate esters (PAEs) in sediment samples collected from the Houjing River, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; (2) to detect the intermediate products and find out the reaction kinetics of target compounds; and (3) to evaluate the applicably of coupling nano-Fe3O4/S2O82- process and electrokinetic process for the removal of PAEs in sediments of the Houjing River.
First, four batches of sediment sampling were conducted at seven sampling sites along the Houjing River. Four compounds of phthalate esters (PAEs) were detected. Of which, the level of parts per million (ppm) of residual di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) was detected at Sannaitan Bridge. The relevant average concentration (2,886 µg/kg) and highest concentration (5,477 µg/kg) are 1.46 and 2.78 times higher than the “Regulations for Systematic Management of Quality Indices of Sediments and Their Use Restrictions” promulgated by Taiwan EPA.
A pseudo-first-order kinetic model was found to be suitable for describing the oxidation kinetics for the target compounds in a simulated aqueous solution and actual sediments treated by the nano-Fe3O4/S2O82- oxidation process. The results showed that rate constants decreased with the increase of alkyl chain length. Substances in aqueous solution and sediments would affect the rate constants as well. Degradation products resulting from nano-Fe3O4/S2O82- oxidation process might have interactions with residual substances in the reaction system yielding compounds of greater molecular weights as compared with the target compounds.
The injection of nanoscale Fe3O4 slurry and persulfate solution coupled with the electrokinetic (EK) process was tested for remediation of phthalate esters in the sediments. Test results for the removal of PAEs in the sediment samples collected at Dehuei Bridge of the Houjing River are given as follows: (1) in the test run of injecting nanoscale Fe3O4 and persulfate solution into the anode reservoir, the derived radicals and oxidant were transported into sediments by electroosmotic flow; (2) an increase of the electric potential gradient from 1 V/cm to 2 V/cm would enhance the removal of PAEs in control tests with no addition of reagents to the EK remediation system; (3) Fe2+ and Fe3+ originated from nano-Fe3O4 dissociation migrated from the anode to the cathode and formed precipitates in the pores of sediments near the cathode for the EK test with a reaction time of 28 days. Such precipitates were blamed for the decrease of the cumulative electroosmotic flow quantity. Thus, an increase of removal efficiency of no greater than 15% was obtained as compared with the test with a reaction time of 14 days; (4) for the test having a treatment time of 56 days under a slightly higher temperature condition, it was speculated that a greater degree of S2O82– catalyzation due to higher ambient temperatures has reduced its available concentration before entering the sediment compartment. Therefore, the corresponding PAEs removal efficiency was even worse than that of tests of reaction time with 14 and 28 days; and (5) if reagent grade reagents were replaced by those of industrial grade, the operating cost was about 105 USD/ton, which is comparable with other remediation technologies for sediments contaminated by various organic compounds.

聲明切結書 i
謝誌 ii
摘要 iii
ABSTRACT v
圖目錄 xii
表目錄 xvi
第一章 前言 1
1.1 研究緣起 1
1.2 研究目的 4
1.3 研究內容與架構 5
第二章 文獻回顧 7
2.1 鄰苯二甲酸酯類 (PAEs) 7
2.1.1 鄰苯二甲酸酯類之特性及危害 7
2.1.2 鄰苯二甲酸酯類於環境中之流布 9
2.1.3 高級氧化技術處理鄰苯二甲酸酯類 11
2.2 底泥整治技術之簡介 14
2.2.1 現地化學氧化法 (In-situ Chemical Oxidation, ISCO) 15
2.2.2 底泥整治技術相關研究及案例 18
2.3 過硫酸鹽氧化劑 19
2.3.1 過硫酸鹽 (S2O82–) 之反應機制 20
2.3.2 過硫酸鹽 (S2O82–) 之應用 22
2.4 奈米科技與材料 24
2.4.1 奈米級四氧化三鐵 (Fe3O4) 25
2.5 電動力技術 27
2.5.1 電動力整治技術之原理 28
2.5.2 電動力整治技術之去除機制 29
2.5.3 電動力整治技術之相關研究及案例 32
2.6 基本反應動力學之介紹 34
第三章 實驗材料與方法 41
3.1 實驗材料 41
3.2 實驗設備 43
3.2.1 儀器設備 43
3.2.2 電動力管柱處理系統 46
3.3 實驗方法 48
3.3.1 後勁溪底泥中鄰苯二甲酸酯類污染調查 48
3.3.2 奈米級Fe3O4製備 52
3.3.3 奈米級Fe3O4之顯微結構觀測與結晶相分析 52
3.3.4 奈米級Fe3O4懸浮液製備 53
3.3.5 過硫酸鹽 (S2O82-) 溶液製備 54
3.3.6 奈米級Fe3O4/S2O82–氧化降解模擬水樣及底泥中PAEs
之氧化試驗 55
3.3.7 電動力法輔助奈米級Fe3O4/S2O82–氧化程序整治受PAEs
污染之後勁溪底泥 56
第四章 結果與討論 63
4.1 後勁溪底泥中鄰苯二甲酸酯類流布調查 63
4.1.1 後勁溪底泥PAEs殘留量調查結果 63
4.1.2 後勁溪枯水期及豐水期之底泥PAEs殘留量調查結果 66
4.2 奈米級Fe3O4之基本特性分析 67
4.2.1 場發射型掃描式電子顯微鏡分析 (FE SEM) 67
4.2.2 環境掃描式電子顯微鏡-能量分散光譜儀分析
(ESEM-EDS) 69
4.2.3 X-光繞射儀分析 (XRD) 70
4.3 利用可溶性澱粉製備奈米級Fe3O4懸浮液之懸浮性探討 72
4.4 底泥基本特性分析 73
4.5 奈米級Fe3O4/S2O82–氧化降解模擬水樣及底泥中 PAEs
之成效探討 75
4.5.1 奈米級Fe3O4/S2O82–氧化降解 PAEs 反應動力學
之試驗結果 75
4.5.2 奈米級Fe3O4/S2O82–氧化降解 PAEs 降解產物
之試驗結果 79
4.6 電動力法輔助奈米級Fe3O4/S2O82–氧化降解PAEs污染
之後勁溪底泥 83
4.7 操作費用之評估與比較 115
4.8 以電動力法輔助奈米級Fe3O4/S2O82‒氧化降解PAEs污染
之後勁溪底泥其未來應用性 121
第五章 結論與建議 122
5.1 結論 122
5.2 建議 124
參考文獻 125
附錄 150
附錄1 不同溫度下的水之相對密度及校正因子 K 值 150
附錄2 美國農業部 (USDA) 土壤質地分類圖 151
附錄3 後勁溪底泥中鄰苯二甲酸酯類殘留量調查結果 152
附錄4 後勁溪底泥樣品採集照片圖 154
附錄5 奈米級Fe3O4/S2O82–氧化降解 PAEs之推測降解產物
一覽表 158
碩士在學期間發表之學術論文 169

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