近數年來，眾多研究報告皆指出，在生活污水處理廠之進/放流水中常被檢驗出許多新興污染物 (例如：鄰苯二甲酸酯類、藥物類等)，若任其排入至承受水體將造成潛在之環境風險問題。本研究首先針對台灣南部某校園生活污水廠之進/放流水及某都市生活污水廠之進/放流水中關切的8種鄰苯二甲酸酯類與15種藥物類與環境荷爾蒙進行長期性之逐月濃度監測。結果顯示，8種關切的鄰苯二甲酸酯類以鄰苯二甲酸二丁酯 (DnBP)、鄰苯二甲酸二辛酯 (DEHP) 及鄰苯二甲酸二異壬酯 (DiNP) 為最常被檢出之化合物，而15種藥物類與環境荷爾蒙則以咖啡因 (Caffeine)、先鋒黴素 (Cefalexin) 及磺胺甲噁唑 (Sulfamethoxazole) 較常被檢測出，且上述之6個化合物在兩個生活污水廠採集的水樣中皆可被檢測出100 ng/L以上，甚至是μg/L之濃度，而雙酚A則是未被檢出。另一方面，本研究以自行製備之管狀碳纖維/碳/氧化鋁複合膜，搭配十六烷基三甲氧基矽烷作為改質劑進行複合膜表面疏水性改質，結合同步電混凝/電過濾 (EC/EF) 程序處理該校園生活污水廠及該都市生活污水廠之進流水，藉由改變透膜壓差、電場強度及掃流速度等操作條件，尋找最佳之試驗參數。試驗結果顯示，該校園生活污水廠及該都市生活污水廠進流水，分別在透膜壓差294 kPa、電場強度30 V/cm及掃流速度1.63 cm/s及透膜壓差294 kPa、電場強度40 V/cm及掃流速度1.63 cm/s之操作條件下有一最佳去除成效，其對於關切的鄰苯二甲酸酯類之去除效率分別可達到94.3-98.0%及91.7-99.7%，對於關切的藥物類之去除率分別可達95.6-99.1%及95.7-98.8%。接續，利用最佳操作條件進行逆洗週期及逆洗時間之評估，處理某校園生活污水及某都市生活污水其逆洗週期分別為10及20分鐘；而逆洗時間分別在3及1分鐘時有最佳之回復性。而在釋鋁量評估方面，比較不同電場強度下關切的新興污染物去除效率與釋鋁量之關係，可得知電場強度與釋鋁量成正比，且關切的新興污染物的去除在臨界電場強度時會達到一最佳的去除效果。最後，在操作電費評估方面，若將EC/EF處理模組擴大至實廠規模，在操作時間為60分鐘下，則處理某校園生活污水及某都市生活污水後收集一噸濾液之費用約為68.65元及41.25元。

In recent years, many studies have indicated that many emerging contaminants (e.g., phthalate esters and pharmaceuticals) were detected in municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). It would pose potential risks to the environment if those effluents are discharged into receiving water bodies . The first objective of this study was to investigate the concentration variations of the phthalate esters and pharmaceuticals monthly obtained from the influent and effluent of the selected campus WWTP and municipal WWTP in southern Taiwan. Di-n-butylPhthalate, Di-(2-ethylhexyl) Phthalate, and Di-iso-nonyl Phthalate were detected at relatively higher concentration and frequency in phthalate esters of concern. Also, caffeine, cefalexin and sulfamethoxazole were detected at relatively higher concentration and frequency. The concentration of the aforementioned six contaminants ranged from 100 ng/L up to μg/L. In this study, hexadecyltrimethoxysilane was used for the surface modification of the laboratory-prepared tubular carbon fiber/carbon/alumina composite membrane. Then, the modified tubular composite membrane was coupled with the simultaneous electrocoagulation/electrofiltration (EC/EF) process for the treatment of the influent of the selected campus WWTP and municipal WWTP under various operating conditions by changing transmembrane pressure, electric field strength, and crossflow velocity, respectively. Test results showed that the corresponding optimal conditions for the selected campus WWTP and municipal WWTP were 294 kPa, 30 V/cm, 1.63 cm/s, and 294 kPa, 40 V/cm, 1.63 cm/s, respectively. The removal efficiencies of target phthalate esters for the selected campus WWTP and municipal WWTP were 94.3-98.0% and 91.7-99.7%, respectively. On the other hand, the removal efficiencies of target pharmaceuticals for the aforementioned two WWTPs were 95.6-99.1% and 95.7-98.8%, respectively. The proper practice of backwash cycle (10 min for the campus WWTP and 20 min for the municipal WWTP) and backwash time (3 min for the campus WWTP and 1 min for the municipal WWTP) were found to extend the service life of the above-indicated memebrane and to enhance the permeate flux. Also, the relationship betewwn the quantity of released Al and the removal efficiencies of the emerging contaminants under different electric field strength was investigated. The results showed that the quantity of released Al and electric field strength were in direct proportion, and the optimum removal effieciency of the emerging contaminants was obtained under the critical electric field strength. Finally, the energy consumption for treating the influents of the campus and municipal WWTP were evaluated, the estimated for treating the campus wastewater and municipal wastewater were about 2.27 USD and 1.36 USD, respectively if the EC/EF module was scaled up to commercial scale.

論文審定書 i
聲明切結書 ii
謝誌…… iii
摘要…… v
Abstract.. vii
目錄…… viii
圖目錄… xv
表目錄… xx
照片目錄 xxiv
第一章 前言 1
1.1 研究緣起 1
1.2 研究目的 2
1.3研究內容 3
第二章 文獻回顧 6
2.1 鄰苯二甲酸酯類與藥物及個人保健用品 6
2.1.1介紹 6
2.1.2 在水體中之流布 8
2.1.3本研究所選定之鄰苯二甲酸酯類與藥物介紹 11
2.2薄膜處理程序 16
2.2.1 薄膜種類及組件形式 16
2.2.2 薄膜之材質 19
2.3 掃流薄膜過濾 20
2.4掃流電過濾 21
2.5電混凝理論 24
2.6同步電混凝/電過濾程序 26
2.7薄膜改質 29
2.7.1親/疏水性之定義 30
2.7.2矽烷偶合物 31
第三章 實驗材料、設備與方法 34
3.1 實驗材料 34
3.1.1 水樣來源 34
3.1.2 材料與試劑 35
3.2 實驗設備 36
3.2.1同步電混凝/電過濾模組處理系統 36
3.2.2化學氣相沉積設備 38
3.2.3 其他設備及儀器 39
3.3 實驗方法 41
3.3.1 管狀碳纖維/碳/氧化鋁複合膜製備程序 41
3.3.2 管狀碳纖維/碳/氧化鋁複合膜改質 41
3.3.3管狀碳纖維/碳/氧化鋁複合膜之表面顯微結構觀察 42
3.3.4 管狀碳纖維/碳/氧化鋁複合膜表面官能基分析 42
3.3.5 管狀碳纖維/碳/氧化鋁複合膜表面親/疏水特性分析 42
3.3.6同步電混凝/電過濾 (EC/EF) 處理系統之操作 43
3.3.7電極釋鋁量評估 44
3.3.8逆洗操作程序 44
3.3.9水樣及濾液品質分析方法 44
第四章 結果與討論 47
4.1 管狀碳纖維/碳/氧化鋁複合膜之特性分析 47
4.1.1 複合膜表面顯微結構觀察 47
4.1.2改質前後的復合膜表面傅立葉紅外線 (FT-IR) 光譜與拉曼(Raman) 光譜分析 49
4.1.3改質前後的管狀複合膜表面接觸角量測 53
4.2 生活污水處理廠進/放流水中鄰苯二甲酸酯類與藥物之流布調查與長期監測 54
4.2.1進/放流水中關切的鄰苯二甲酸酯類流布調查與長期監測 54
4.2.1.1 某校園生活污水處理廠 54
4.2.1.2 某都市生活污水處理廠 56
4.2.2進/放流水中關切的藥物與環境荷爾蒙流布調查與長期監測 58
4.2.2.1 某校園生活污水處理廠 58
4.2.2.2 某都市生活污水處理廠 66
4.3管狀碳纖維/碳/氧化鋁複合膜處理某校園生活污水及某都市生活污水之效能評估 69
4.3.1某校園生活污水廠進流水 69
4.3.2 某都市生活污水廠之進流水 77
4.4 同步電混凝/電過濾系統處理某校園生活污水及某都市生活污水之效能評估 82
4.4.1 某校園生活污水廠進流水 82
4.4.1.1電場強度對於濾液通量及品質之影響 82
4.4.1.2 掃流速度對於濾液通量及品質之影響 86
4.4.2某都市生活污水廠進流水 89
4.4.2.1電場強度對於濾液通量及品質之影響 89
4.4.2.2 掃流速度對於濾液通量及品質之影響 92
4.4.3 最佳操作條件對某校園生活污水廠進流水及某都市生活污水廠進流水之處理成效 96
4.5 同步電混凝/電過濾處理程序處理某校園生活污水廠進流水及某都市生活污水廠進流水之逆洗週期與時間 99
4.6 電極釋鋁量及電混凝效應之評估 107
4.7 操作成本之電費估算 114
第五章 結論與建議 116
5.1 結論 116
5.2 建議 …120
參考文獻 …121
附錄 143
附表1 2013年4月至2013年10月期間關切的鄰苯二甲酸酯類於某校園生活污水廠進流水之濃度分布情況 (ng/L) 144
附表2 2013年4月至2013年10月期間關切的鄰苯二甲酸酯類於某校園生活污水廠放流水之濃度分布情況 (ng/L) 144
附表3 2013年4月至2013年10月期間關切的鄰苯二甲酸酯類於某都市生活污水廠進流水之濃度分布情況 (ng/L) 145
附表4 2013年4月至2013年10月期間關切的鄰苯二甲酸酯類於某都市生活污水廠放流水之濃度分布情況 (ng/L) 145
附表5 2012年8月至2013年10月期間關切的藥物類於某校園生活污水廠進流水之濃度分布情況 (ng/L) 146
附表6 2012年8月至2013年10月期間關切的藥物類於某校園生活污水廠放流水之濃度分布情況 (ng/L) 147
附表7 2013年3月至2013年10月期間關切的藥物類於某都市生活污水廠進流水之濃度分布情況 (ng/L) 148
附表8 2013年3月至2013年10月期間關切的藥物類於某都市生活污水廠放流水之濃度分布情況 (ng/L) 149
附表9 HDTMS改質前後之管狀碳纖維/碳/氧化鋁複合膜處理某校園生活污水廠進流水在不同透膜壓差之實驗數據 150
附表10 HDTMS改質前後之管狀碳纖維/碳/氧化鋁複合膜處理某都市生活污水廠進流水在不同透膜壓差之實驗數據 151
附表11 HDTMS改質後之管狀碳纖維/碳/氧化鋁複合膜結合同步電混凝/電過濾系統處理某校園生活污水廠進流水其不同電場強度下之實驗數據 152
附表12 HDTMS改質後之管狀碳纖維/碳/氧化鋁複合膜結合同步電混凝/電過濾系統處理某校園生活污水廠進流水其不同掃流速度下之實驗數據 152
附表13 HDTMS改質後之管狀碳纖維/碳/氧化鋁複合膜結合同步電混凝/電過濾系統處理某都市生活污水廠進流水其不同電場強度下之實驗數據 153
附表14 HDTMS改質後之管狀碳纖維/碳/氧化鋁複合膜結合同步電混凝/電過濾系統處理某都市生活污水廠進流水其不同掃流速度下之實驗數據 153
附表15 施加不同電場強度下每10分鐘記錄之電流I及其相對應之電量Qi (水樣來源：某校園生活污水廠進流水) 154
附表16施加不同電場強度下每10分鐘記錄之電流I及其相對應之電量Qi (水樣來源：某都市生活污水廠進流水) 155
附表17選定的某校園及都市生活污水廠進/放流水之基本水質檢測數據 (2012年7月) 156
碩士在學期間發表之學術論文 157

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