防波堤是海事結構體，一般延伸在港口進出航道兩側，主要作用為遮蔽與
防止波浪侵入，維持港內靜穩度，確保船舶安全進出，順利靠泊裝卸。台中港及
麥寮港是台灣西岸中部的重要港口，根據本研究 2014 年水深測量結果發現前
述兩港防波堤堤頭附近海床淘刷最大深度已達 26 m，且防波堤堤頭護基消波塊
部分已有崩塌後退情況，因此採取適當的因應及改善措施實為當務之急。
本研究採 FLOW-3D 計算流體力學數值軟體，針對台中港北防波堤及麥寮
工業港西防波堤堤頭附近海域進行三維波流場數值模擬，目的在於探討與分析
防波堤堤頭的水動力特性與淘刷機制，藉由附近海域歷年來背景資料收集統計
分析，並與本研究實測波潮流及海床侵蝕特性等進行比對修正，建立與設定三
維數值計算領域之邊界條件及初始條件。
研究的結果顯示，波流場水動力的模式驗證與水工試驗現場觀測趨於一致。
以視覺化呈現波場自由水面及堤頭前之垂直流況時序變化，以及最大底床水分
子速度分佈分析與渦流區底床切剪力的分布情形，包括波浪引發的流場伴隨南
北向的漲退潮流，以及陡峭淺化的海底地形，共同形成堤頭附近海床的淘刷機
制。前進波列在防波堤遮蔽的前方積聚的水動力能量，折向深海方向的帶狀離
岸流與南向的前進波列混合，深化了海床邊界層的紊流機制，淘刷區因此紊流
機制起動之懸浮載，隨著漲退潮流搬離遠處。由於長期缺乏砂源補注，淘刷區
浸淤失衡，因此持續威脅防波堤結構體的穩定。

Breakwaters are the maritime structures which are generally extending to both sides of the ship channel. Their main functions are to create the shelter, prevent the heavy seas, and maintain the stability of the harbor basin to ensure safety of navigation and cargo operation. The Port of Taichung and the Port of Mailiao are the important ports in the middle of the west coast of Taiwan. According to the results of the sounding datum survey in 2014, the maximum depth of the seabed scouring in the vicinity of these two ports found was 26 m, and part of the amors of breakwater have been collapsed and backwards. Therefore, it is a top priority task to take appropriate responses and improving measures.
In this paper, three dimensional numerical simulations of wave-current fields around both heads of breakwaters of the Port of Taichung and the Port of Mailiao were carried out. The purpose is to explore and analyze the characteristics and scouring mechanism around the head of breakwater. The boundary conditions and initial inputs were established by using statistics to analyze background data and compare with the wave-current and seabed scouring characteristics of this research. The tools applied in the research are FAVORTM, wave, tide, turbulence and scouring modules in the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) software FLOW-3D○R which calculate hydrodynamics.
The results show that numerical simulations of flow hydrodynamics of wave-flow field is consistented with field observations and laboratory experiments. By visualizing, it distributes the free surface wave, vertical flow conditions, and the maximum orbital velocity at the seabed that shear in the eddy area to clarify the scouring mechanism around the head of breakwater. Including the wave-induced flow field, along a north-south trend of the flooding and ebb current, and the steep slope formed together. Because the wave propagation is blocked by the breakwater, the accumulated hydrodynamic energy turns to the deep sea and cause of band-like offshore flow mixed with the southward forward wave, which deepen the turbulence mechanism of the seabed boundary layer. Turbulence mechanism by the suspension load, with the trend and move away. Due to the lack of long-term lack of sand source, the scouring area is difficult to achieve balance of siltation, thus continue to threaten the stability of the breakwater structure.

第1章 引言 1
1-1 研究動機與目的 1
1-2 研究範圍 2
1-2-1 臺中港 2
1-2-2 麥寮港 5
1-3 文獻回顧 8
1-3-1 河川輸砂 10
1-3-2 橋墩或垂直柱淘刷 10
1-3-3 人工魚礁淘刷 14
1-3-4 海堤淘刷 15
1-3-5 防波堤淘刷 16
1-3-6 FLOW-3D○R 應用於波、流場、結構物及地形變化計算 23
1-4 本文組織架構 24
第2章 數值模式 25
2-1 FLOW‐3D 簡介 25
2-2 基本控制方程式 26
2-2-1 坐標系統 26
2-2-2 質量連續性方程式 (Mass Continuity Equation) 26
2-2-3 動量方程式 (Momentum Equations) 27
2-3 主要應用物理模式 29
2-3-1 紊流模式 29
2-3-2 孔隙介質模式 32
2-3-3 底質淘刷模式 36
2-4 數值方法與邊界條件 42
2-4-1 網格符號與處理 43
2-4-2 障礙物處理方法 44
2-4-3 離散方法 45
2-4-4 邊界條件 48
2-4-5 數值穩定與收斂 54
2-5 網格獨立測試與模擬合理性 56
2-5-1 波場網格測試 56
2-5-2 流場網格測試 57
2-5-3 流場流速分析比較 59
第3章 模式驗證 62
3-1 數值空水槽海棉層反射率測試 62
3-2 斜坡底床波場變化模式驗證 63
3-3 TRUVOF模式驗證 65
3-4 淘刷模式驗證 68
3-5 水下平射流模式驗證 70
3-6 水工試驗與數值模擬驗證 71
3-6-1 試驗條件與試驗比尺 71
3-6-2 南流流場 (N－S) 水工試驗與數值模擬驗證 75
3-6-3 北流流場 (S－N) 水工試驗與數值模擬驗證 77
第4章 數值模擬結果與討論 80
4-1 三維波場數值模擬 80
4-1-1 波場數值計算領域 80
4-1-2 波浪條件 81
4-1-3 網格與初始參數設定 81
4-1-4 波場自由液面變化 83
4-1-5 海床邊界層之流速變化 90
4-1-6 堤頭附近最大底床水分子速度分佈分析 99
4-1-7 堤頭前之垂直流況變化 103
4-1-8 防波堤堤頭附近海域波場流速與底床變化分析 110
4-1-9 拉格朗日粒子追蹤波流場 112
4-1-10 防波堤頭附近波場底床儎侵淤變化與分布 113
4-1-11 波場數值模擬結論 115
4-2 三維潮流流場數值模擬 116
4-2-1 潮流流場計算範圍及水深地形 116
4-2-2 潮流流場空間分布與時序變化 118
4-2-3 測站潮位流向與流速之驗證 123
4-2-4 堤頭前之垂直流況變化 127
4-2-5 淘刷區底床貼面流速與 ESS 之分布 129
4-3 麥寮港三維動床流場數值模擬 134
4-3-1 防波堤堤頭流場計算範圍及水深地形 134
4-3-2 防波堤堤頭附近海域海床底層流速之時序分布變化 137
4-3-3 防波堤堤頭附近海域垂直分層流速u, v, w之變化 138
4-3-4 防波堤頭附近流場底床載侵淤變化與分布 141
第5章 結論與建議. 143
5-1 結論 143
5-2 建議 145
附錄 A. 波浪反射率 MATLAB code
B. 三維數值潮流流場初始程式碼

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