近年來因環保意識及永續發展意識抬頭，使得更多人對於”綠色化學”此議題更加地重視，並且如何將可再生的原料發揮到最大經濟效應，一直都是科學家們致力於解決的問題。我們利用廢棄且易取得的牡蠣殼作為綠色化學來源，透過加工處理製成兩種材料並將其應用。本研究分為兩部分:第一部分以牡蠣殼利用水熱合成法，在密封的壓力容器中，以水作為溶劑，已成功地製備出球型的氧化鈣奈米粒子，並透過X-ray粉末繞射儀和穿透式電子顯微鏡對氧化鈣奈米粒子作特徵分析，其粒徑大小為約40 nm，具有分散均勻的特色。此外還利用聚多巴胺 (polydopamine, PDA) 作為包覆劑，因其對環境友善，可作為還原劑將銀奈米粒子還原上去，將其修飾於氧化鈣奈米粒子表面上，形成Ag/PDA/CaO的奈米複合材料，並且應用在表面增強拉曼散射 (SERS) 的基材，以4-aminothiophenil (4-ATP) 作為待測分子，且由拉曼結果顯示Ag/PDA/CaO可以有效地增強4-ATP的訊號，其偵測極限可達到10-8 M。第二部分為利用廢棄牡蠣殼加工處理後製備球霰石碳酸鈣粒子，探討去除不同重金屬離子的移除效果以及移除機制。實驗結果顯示，不同重金屬移除效果分別為 Pb2+ (99.9%)、Cr3+ (99.5%)、Fe3+ (99.3%)、Cu2+ (57.1%)。推測鈣離子與金屬離子之間的離子交換反應產生再結晶現象進一步影響移除效率;球霰石碳酸鈣結構具有大孔徑，由BET (Brunauer–Emmett–Teller) 顯示材料為巨孔隙吸附材料可以快速吸附大量金屬離子。球霰石碳酸鈣粒子除了優異的移除重金屬離子之外，該材料廉價、易於合成(產率約69%)，我們期望可用於處理工業廢水的替代物。此新穎材料不只合成簡便且便宜，還具有綠色化學的特性，在未來應用上具有非常大的潛力。

In recent years, concern for the environment and interest in sustainable development has risen dramatically. Modern researchers now attempt to find solutions to difficult technical challenges using "green chemistry" processes and renewable materials. In this study, we use Oyster shell as a “green” or natural material source to prepare three materials for use in several applications. This study is divided into two parts. In part 1, we prepared spherical calcium oxide nanoparticles (CaO-NPs) by hydrothermal synthesis in a sealed pressure vessel with water as the solvent. X-ray diffraction (XRD) was used to characterize the structure and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to observe the CaO-NPs morphology. The CaO-NPs were approximately 40 nm in diameter and had a uniform dispersion. Additionally, we prepared silver/polydopamine/calcium-oxide (Ag/PDA/CaO) samples for use as surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrates and evaluated them using the probe molecule 4-aminothiophenil (4-ATP). Ag/PDA/CaO enhanced the 4-ATP signal and increased the detection limit up to 10-8 M. In part 2 of our study, we prepared Vaterite particles from oyster shell and tested their removal efficiency for different heavy metal ions. The results showed the removal efficiency was Pb2+ (99.9%), Cr3+ (99.5%), Fe3+ (99.3%) and Cu2+ (57.1%). We speculate that the ion exchange reaction between calcium ions and metal ions produces recrystallization which further affects the removal efficiency. Furthermore, the BET (Brunauer-Emmett-Teller) model shows that Vaterite particles are a giant pore adsorbent material that can rapidly adsorb large amounts of metal ions. In addition to the high efficiency heavy metal ion removal, the Vaterite particles are cheap and easy to synthesize (69% yield), thus providing a low cost and efficient alternative for industrial wastewater remediation.

目錄
中文摘要 i
Abstract ii
第壹章 緒論 1
1-1 牡蠣殼 1
1-2 牡蠣殼化學成分 2
1-3 牡蠣殼之用途 2
1-4 研究動機 3
第貳章 儀器原理 4
2-1 拉曼光譜儀 4
2-1-1 拉曼散射 4
2-1-2 拉曼散射機制及理論 4
2-1-3 使用儀器及參數設定 7
2-2 穿透式電子顯微鏡 ( Transmission Electron Microscope, TEM ) 8
2-2-1 TEM工作原理 8
2-2-2 使用儀器與參數設定 8
2-3 掃描式電子顯微鏡 ( Scanning Electron Microscope, SEM ) 9
2-3-1 SEM原理 9
2-3-2 使用儀器與設定參數 10
2-4 X-ray 粉末繞射儀 11
2-4-1 X光粉末繞射及工作原理 11
2-4-2 使用儀器與參數設定 12
2-5 X光光電子光譜 12
2-5-1 X光光電子光譜及工作原理 12
2-5-2 使用儀器及參數設定 14
2-6 比表面積氣體吸附分析 14
2-6-1比表面積氣體吸附分析及工作原理 14
2-6-2 使用儀器與設定參數 19
2-7 感應耦合電漿質譜儀 ( Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, ICP-MS ) 19
2-7-1 感應耦合電漿質譜儀及工作原理 19
2-7-2 使用儀器與設定參數 20
第參章 利用牡蠣殼以水熱合成法製成氧化鈣奈米粒子及表面增強拉曼應用 22
3-1 前言 22
3-2 文獻回顧 23
3-2-1 表面增強拉曼散射 ( Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering, SERS ) 23
3-2-2 SERS增強機制 23
3-2-3 聚多巴胺 26
3-3 實驗部分 30
3-3-1 實驗材料:牡蠣殼 30
3-3-2 實驗藥品 30
3-3-3實驗步驟 32
3-4 實驗結果 34
3-4-1 氧化鈣奈米粒子的特徵分析 34
3-4-2 氧化鈣奈米粒子表面修飾聚多巴胺及銀的特徵分析 35
3-4-3 Ag/PDA/CaO 合成機制探討 38
3-4-4 Ag/PDA/CaO的最佳製備條件 41
3-4-5 最低偵測極限測試 42
3-4-9 Ag/PDA/CaO 檢測4-ATP研究和其他文獻比較 43
3-4-6 表面增強拉曼散射討論 44
3-4-7 結論 47
第肆章 製備球霰石碳酸鈣粒子作為重金屬吸附劑 48
4-1 前言 48
4-2 文獻回顧 49
4-2-1 重金屬離子 (heavy metal ions) 49
4-2-2 重金屬污染去除 51
4-3 實驗部分 53
4-3-1 實驗藥品 53
4-3-2 實驗步驟 54
4-3-3 重金屬移除測試 54
4-4 實驗結果 55
4-4-1 球霰石碳酸鈣微球的特徵分析 55
4-4-2 重金屬離子吸附效果測試 58
4-4-3 鉛離子移除效果及機制探討 62
4-4-4 球霰石碳酸鈣對重金屬離子重複使用性效果測試 67
4-4-5 結論 68
第伍章 製程成本分析 69
第陸章 總結 71
第柒章 參考文獻 72

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