摘要
本論文以降昇壓式轉換器為基礎研製一電池電源模組(Battery Power Module, BPM)串聯架構，進行充電研究。在此架構中，各模組與充電器連結，經由適當的控制策略，達到良好的充電效果。充電策略依據各電池當前電量及電壓，調配各模組之充電電流，擬定各BPM操作模式，完成充電之目的。
本研究針對磷酸鋰鐵電池研製4組串聯BPM，使用微處理器作為控制核心，進行電池電量累計及電壓偵測，改變開關導通率以分配各模組所需之充電電流。經實驗驗證此設計具有良好的充電能力，可避免電池過度充電，並當電池異常時，隔離異常狀態之電池組，同時不影響系統正常運作。

Battery power modules (BPMs) with bidirectional buck-boost converters, which are connected in series, are operated interactively but substantially can be controlled individually for either charging or discharging. During the charging process, the battery currents can be scheduled by adjusting the duty-ratios of the associated buck-boost converters. To fully utilize the charger’s capacity, several charging scenarios are proposed according to the state of charges (SOCs) of the batteries under the limitations of the charger’s power and current.
To demonstrate the feasibility and capability of the charging scenarios, a battery power system formed by 4 serial buck-boost type BPMs is built and tested. A microcontroller is used for estimating the battery SOCs, and then scheduling the battery currents accordingly. Experimental results show the effectiveness of the charging scenarios.

目錄
論文審定書 i
中文摘要 ii
英文摘要 iii
目錄 iv
圖表目錄 vi
第一章 緒論 1
1-1 研究背景 1
1-2 研究動機 1
1-3 論文大綱 5
第二章 電池電源模組串聯架構 7
2-1 降昇壓式電池電源模組串聯架構 7
2-2 連續導通模式 10
2-3 不連續導通模式 13
2-4 平均相位移控制 15
2-5 電池充電控制電路規劃 16
2-5-1 單晶片PIC18F4520 17
2-5-2 電壓偵測電路 18
2-5-3 電流偵測電路 18
2-5-4 開關驅動電路 20
第三章 串聯模組充電策略 21
3-1 定電流及定電壓充電法 21
3-2充電策略規劃 22
第四章 電池電源模組充電實驗量測 32
4-1 系統參數設定 32
4-2 充電器具電流限制之充電實驗 34
4-3 充電器具功率限制之充電實驗 39
第五章 結論與未來展望 43
5-1 結論 43
5-2 未來研究方向 44
參考文獻 45

參考文獻
[1] C. C. Chan and K. T. Chau, “An overview of electric vehicles-challenges and opportunities,” in Proc. IECON, August 1996, Vol. 1, pp. 1-6.
[2] H. Oman, “Battery developments that will make electric vehicles practical,” IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Magazine, August 2000, Vol. 15, No. 8, pp.11-21.
[3] H. Oman, “Making batteries last longer,” IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Magazine, September 1999, Vol. 14, No. 9, pp.19-21.
[4] T. B. Gage, “Lead-acid batteries: key to electric vehicle commercialization; Experience with design, manufacture, and use of EVs,” in Proc. BCAA, January 2000, pp. 217-222.
[5] N. H. Kutkut and D. M. Divan, “Dynamic equalization techniques for series battery stacks,” in Proc. INTLEC, October 1996, pp. 514-521.
[6] N. H. Kutkut, D. M. Divan, and D. W. Novotny “Charge equalization for series connected battery strings,” IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, May/June 1995, Vol. 31, No. 3, pp. 562-568.
[7] N. H. Kutkut, H. L. N. Wiegman, D. M. Divan, and D. W. Novotny “Charge equalization for an electric vehicle battery system,” IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, January 1998, Vol. 34, No. 1, pp.235-246.
[8] Y. C. Hsieh, S. P. Chou, and C. S. Moo, “Balance discharge for series-connected batteries,” in Proc. PESC. June 2004, Vol. 4, pp. 2697-2702.
[9] C. C. Chan, “An overview of electric vehicle technology,” Proceedings of the IEEE, September 1993, Vol. 81, No. 9, pp. 1202-1213.
[10] Y. C. Hsieh, W. C. Chen, K. S. Ng, and C. S. Moo, “Investigation on operating characteristics of individual cells in a lead-acid battery pack,” in Proc. PCC, April 2007, pp. 745-750.
[11] F. C. Laman, C. S. C. Bose, and S. R. Dasgupta, “Accelerated failure testing of valve regulated lead-acid batteries using gas studies,” in Proc. INTELEC, October 1998, pp. 74-78.
[12] P. T. Krein and R. S. Balog, “Life extension through charge equalization of lead-acid batteries,” in Proc. INTELEC, October 2002, pp. 516-523.
[13] S. West and P. T. Krein, “Equalization of valve-regulated lead-acid batteries: issues and life test results,” in Proc. INTELEC, September 2000, pp. 439-446.
[14] 洪瑋，“串聯電源模組之電池平衡充電”，國立中山大學電機工程研究所碩士論文，2010年7月。
[15] D. Linda and T. B. Reddy, “Handbook of batteries,” The 3rd edition, McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2001.
[16] C. C. Chan, “The state of the art of electric and hybrid vehicles,” Proceedings of the IEEE, February 2002, Vol. 90, No. 2, pp. 247-275.
[17] V. Wouk, “The second century of electric and hybrid vehicles,” in Proc. VTC, May 1984, Vol. 34, pp. 183-190.
[18] 楊模樺，“電動車輛用鋰電池發展趨勢”，電動車輛產業資訊專刊，2008年11月。
[19] “二次電池比較表”，台灣立凱電能科技股分有限公司。
[20] P. T. Krein, S. West, and C. Papenfuss, “Equalization requirements for series VRLA batteries,”Applications and Advances, 2001. The Sixteenth Annual Battery Conference on, vol.4, pp.125-130.
[21] C. S. Moo, K. S. Ng, and Y. C. Hsieh, “Parallel operation of battery power modules,” IEEE Transaction on Energy Conversion, June 2008, Vol. 23, No. 2, pp. 701-707.
[22] H. Shen, W. Zhu, and W. Chen, “Charge equalization for series connected lithium-ion batteries,” in Proc. IEEE ICEMI,2009, vol. 4, pp. 1032-1037.
[23] F. Wen, J. C. Jiang, W. G. Zhang, and H. P. Guo, “Research on the charge mode of series-connected batteries,” in Proc. IEEE VPPC, September 2008, pp. 1-5.
[24] 謝耀慶，“串聯電池組之電量平衡”，國立中山大學電機工程研究所博士論文，2003年6月。
[25] H. X. Shen, W. L. Zhu, and W. X. Chen, “Charge equalization for series connected lithium-ion batteries,” in Proc. IEEE ICEMI, August 2009, vol. 4, pp. 1032-1037.
[26] Y. H. Zhang, J. G. Li, J. Lin, and J. F. Ge, “A charging equalization circuit with odd and even module for li-ion series-connected batteries,” in Proc. IEEE AICI, November 2009, vol. 1, pp. 553-557.
[27] H. X. Shen, W. L. Zhu, and W. X. Chen, “Charge equalization using multiple winding magnetic model for lithium-ion battery string,” in Proc. IEEE APPEC, March 2010, pp. 1-4.
[28] M. Chen, Z, Zhang, Z. M. Feng, J. J. Chen, and Z. M. Qian, “An improved control strategy for the charge equalization of lithium ion battery,” in Proc. IEEE APEC, Febuary 2009, pp. 186-189.
[29] Y. C. Hsieh, S. P. Chou, and C. S. Moo, “Balance discharge for series-connected batteries,” in Proc. IEEE PESC, June 2004, vol. 4, pp. 2697-2702.
[30] C. S. Moo, Y. C. Hsieh, I. S. Tsai, and J. C. Cheng, “Dynamic charge equalization for series-connected batteries,” IEEE Trans. Elect. Power Applicat., vol. 150, no. 5, pp. 501-505, September 2003.
[31] Y. C. Hsieh, S. P. Chou, and C. S. Moo, “Balance discharge for series-connected batteries,” in Proc. IEEE PESC, June 2004, vol. 4, pp. 2697-2702.
[32] 胡錦欣，“電池電源模組之輸出串聯運轉”，國立中山大學電機工程研究所碩士論文，2009年6月。
[33] 黃廣順，“電池電源模組織並聯運轉”，國立中山大學電機工程研究所碩士論文，2005年6月。
[34] W. Hong, K. S. Ng, J. H. Hu, and C. S. Moo, “Charge equalization of battery power modules in series,” International Power Electronics Conference, IPEC 2010, Sapporo Japan, pp. 1568-1572, June 2010.
[35] 梁適安，“交換式電源供應器之理論與實務設計”，全華書局，2001年12月。
[36] 蕭英男，“返馳式轉換器之功因修正電路模組並聯運轉”，國立中山大學電機工程研究所碩士論文，2005年6月。
[37] H. S. Park, C. H. Kim, K. B. Park, G. W. Moon, and J. H. Lee, “Design of a charge equalizer based on battery modularization,” IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol 58, no. 7, pp. 3216-3223, September 2009.
[38] “PIC18F2420/2520/4420/4520 datasheet,” Microchip, 2007.
[39] S. Piller, M. Perrin, and A. Jossen, “Methods for state-of-charge determination and their applications,” Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 96, No. 1, pp. 113-120, June 2001.
[40] J. H. Aylor, A. Thieme, and B. W. Johnso, “A battery state-of-charge indicator for electric wheelchairs,” IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Vol. 39, No. 5, pp. 398-409, October 1992.
[41] S. Pang, J. Farrell, D. Jie, and M. Barth, “Battery state-of-charge estimation,” in Proc. ACC, June 2001, Vol. 2, pp. 1644-1649.
[42] V. Pop, H. J. Bergveld, P. H. L. Notten, and P. P. L. Regtien, “State-of-charge indication in portable applications,” in Proc. ISIE, June 2005, Vol. 3, pp. 1007-1012.
[43] I. Kurisawa and M. Iwata, “Internal resistance and deterioration of VRLA battery-analysis of internal resistance obtained by direct current measurement and its application to VRLA battery monitoring technique,” in Proc. INTELEC, October 1997, pp. 687-694.
[44] A. Kawamura and T. Yanagihara, “State of charge estimation of sealed lead-acid batteries used for electric vehicles,” in Proc. PESC, May 1998, Vol. 1, pp. 583-587.