本論文提出一種藉由改善系統接地面上表面電流分佈來增加操作頻寬之LTE/WWAN八頻手機天線設計。為了達到這個效果，在本論文中是將系統接地面設計為C字形，如此一來系統接地面上的縱向表面電流能均勻地分佈。天線則是設計在C字形的系統接地面上，並且天線結構包含了一饋入單極天線、一短路單極天線及一分佈式並接共振電路。藉由調整該分佈式並接共振的共振頻率，可使短路單極天線在低頻原先產生的單一模態共振形成單一模態雙共振，以涵蓋LTE700/GSM850/900的操作頻寬，同時天線的體積僅需44 × 10 × 5 mm3 (約2.2 cm3)，並且具有良好的輻射特性。本論文還會針對周圍金屬件（如電池金屬面與螢幕金屬支撐架）與系統接地面的電氣連接方式進行詳細的探討，以增加實際應用的價值，同時針對本天線設計之人體效應，如頭部SAR與HAC特性進行模擬和分析。

Bandwidth enhancement of the LTE/WWAN handset antenna achieved by improving the excited surface current distribution in the system ground plane is presented. To achieve this goal, the system ground plane is shaped to be of a C-shape in this thesis. In this case, the longitudinal excited surface current in the system ground plane can have a smooth distribution. The proposed antenna is disposed at one edge of the C-shaped system ground plane, and the antenna comprises a driven monopole strip, a shorted monopole strip and a distributed parallel resonance (PR) circuit. By controlling the resonant frequency of the distributed PR circuit, it can result in dual-resonance excitation of the lowest resonant mode contributed by the shorted monopole strip to cover the LTE700/GSM850/900 operation. The antenna also occupies a small volume of 44 × 10 × 5 mm3 (about 2.2 cm3). Good radiation characteristics of the antenna are also obtained. For practical applications, effects of the electrical connection between the system ground plane and the surrounding metal elements such as the battery’s metal casing and the handset metal midplate are studied. The simulated SAR (Specific Absorption Rate) and HAC (Hearing Aid Compatibility) results are also analyzed.

目錄 i
圖次 iii
表次 v
第一章 序論 (Introduction)
1.1 研究動機 1
1.2 文獻導覽 2
1.3 論文提要 3
第二章 藉由設計系統接地面之形狀以達成寬頻之手機天線 (Broadband Mobile Phone Antenna with Shaped System Ground Plane)
2.1 技術概念 5
2.2 天線設計與原理 9
2.3 天線實驗結果與分析 11
2.4 延伸研究 19
2.5 心得與討論 21
第三章 系統接地面與鄰近金屬件整合之研究 (Study of the Shaped System Ground Plane Integrated with Nearby Metal Elements)
3.1 系統接地面與電池金屬面整合之概念與分析 22
3.2 系統接地面與螢幕金屬支撐架整合之概念與分析 27
3.3 心得與討論 33
第四章 天線之人體效應研究 (Study of the Antenna’s Human Body Effects)
4.1 手機SAR值測試方式與規範 36
4.2 模擬使用者頭部SAR之結果與分析 39
4.3 手機HAC測試方式與規範 41
4.4 模擬結果與分析 44
4.5 心得與討論 45
第五章 結論 (Conclusions) 46
參考文獻 (References) 48
論文著作表 (Publication List) 52

[1] P. Vainikainen, J. Ollikainen, O. Kivekas and I. Kelander, “Resonator- based analysis of the combination of mobile handset antenna and chassis,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., Vol. 50, pp. 1433-1444, Oct. 2002.
[2] International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP), “Guidelines for limiting exposure to time-varying electric, magnetic, and electromagnetic fields (up to 300 GHz),” Health Phys., Vol. 74, pp. 494-522, Apr. 1998.
[3] American National Standards Institute (ANSI), “Safety levels with respect to human exposure to radio-frequency electromagnetic field, 3 kHz to 300 GHz,” ANSI/IEEE standard C95.1, Apr. 1999.
[4] American National Standards Institute (ANSI), “American National Standard Methods of Measurement of Compatibility between Wireless Communication Devices and Hearing Aids,” C63.19-2007, Revision of ANSI C63.19-2006, Jun. 2007.
[5] C. H. Chang and K. L. Wong, "Bandwidth enhancement of internal WWAN antenna using an inductively coupled plate in the small-size mobile phone," Microwave Opt. Technol. Lett., Vol. 52, pp. 1247-1253, Jun. 2010.
[6] K. L. Wong and Y. W. Chang, "Internal eight-band WWAN/LTE handset antenna using loop shorting strip and chip-capacitor-loaded feeding strip for bandwidth enhancement," Microwave Opt. Technol. Lett., Vol. 53, pp. 1217-1222, Jun. 2011.
[7] S. C. Chen and K. L. Wong, “Bandwidth enhancement of coupled-fed on-board printed PIFA using bypass radiating strip for eight-band LTE/WWAN slim mobile phone,” Microwave Opt. Technol. Lett., Vol. 52, pp. 2059-2065, Sep. 2010.
[8] K. L. Wong, M. F. Tu, T. Y. Wu and W. Y. Li, “Small-size coupled-fed printed PIFA for internal eight-band LTE/GSM/UMTS mobile phone antenna,” Microwave Opt. Technol. Lett., Vol. 52, pp. 2123-2128, Sep. 2010.
[9] C. T. Lee and K. L. Wong, “Uniplanar coupled-fed printed PIFA for WWAN/WLAN operation in the mobile phone,” Microwave Opt. Technol. Lett., Vol. 51, pp. 1250-1257, May. 2009.
[10] K. L. Wong and C. H. Huang, “Printed PIFA with a coplanar coupling feed for penta-band operation in the mobile phone,” Microwave Opt. Technol. Lett., Vol. 50, pp. 3181-3186, Dec. 2008.
[11] S. C. Chen and K. L. Wong, "Wideband monopole antenna coupled with a chip-inductor-loaded shorted strip for LTE/WWAN mobile handset," Microwave Opt. Technol. Lett., Vol. 53, pp. 1293-1298, Jun. 2011.
[12] F. H. Chu and K. L. Wong, "On-board small-size printed LTE/WWAN mobile handset antenna closely integrated with nearby system ground plane," Microwave Opt. Technol. Lett., Vol. 53, pp. 1336-1343, Jun. 2011.
[13] K. L. Wong and P. W. Lin, "Surface-mount WWAN monopole slot antenna for mobile handset," Microwave Opt. Technol. Lett., Vol. 53, pp. 1890-1896, Aug. 2011.
[14] K. L. Wong, P. W. Lin and C. H. Chang, "Simple printed monopole slot antenna for penta-band WWAN operation in the mobile handset," Microwave Opt. Technol. Lett., Vol. 53, pp. 1399-1404, Jun. 2011.
[15] K. L. Wong, W. J. Wei and L. C. Chou, "WWAN/LTE printed loop antenna for tablet computer and its body SAR analysis," Microwave Opt. Technol. Lett., Vol. 53, pp. 2912-2919, Dec. 2011.
[16] Y. W. Chi and K. L. Wong, "Quarter-wavelength printed loop antenna with an internal printed matching circuit for GSM/DCS/PCS/UMTS operation in the mobile phone," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., Vol. 57, pp. 2541-2547, Sep. 2009.
[17] Y. W. Chi and K. L. Wong, “Very-small-size printed loop antenna for GSM/DCS/PCS/UMTS operation in the mobile phone,” Microwave Opt. Technol. Lett., Vol. 51, pp. 184-192, Jan. 2009.
[18] Y. W. Chi and K. L. Wong, “Quarter-wavelength printed loop antenna with an internal printed matching circuit for GSM/DCS/PCS/UMTS operation in the mobile phone,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., Vol. 57, pp. 2541-2547, Sep. 2009.
[19] T. W. Kang and K. L. Wong, "Internal printed loop/monopole combo antenna for LTE/GSM/UMTS operation in the laptop computer," Microwave Opt. Technol. Lett., Vol. 52, pp. 1673-1678, Jul. 2010.
[20] C. T. Lee and K. L. Wong, "Uniplanar coupled-fed printed PIFA for WWAN/WLAN operation in the mobile phone," Microwave Opt. Technol. Lett., Vol. 51, pp. 1250-1257, May 2009.
[21] K. L. Wong and S. J. Liao, "Uniplanar coupled-fed printed PIFA for WWAN operation in the laptop computer," Microwave Opt. Technol. Lett., Vol. 51, pp. 549-554, Feb. 2009.
[22] K. L. Wong and P. J. Ma, "Small-size WWAN monopole slot antenna with dual-band band-stop matching circuit for tablet computer application," Microwave Opt. Technol. Lett., Vol. 54, Apr. 2012.
[23] F. H. Chu and K. L. Wong, "Internal coupled-fed loop antenna integrated with notched ground plane for WWAN operation in the mobile handset," Microwave Opt. Technol. Lett., Vol. 54, Mar. 2012.
[24] S. C. Chen and K. L. Wong, "Small-size wideband chip antenna for WWAN/LTE operation and close integration with nearby conducting elements in the mobile handset," Microwave Opt. Technol. Lett., Vol. 53, pp. 1998-2004, Sep. 2011.
[25] K. L. Wong and P. W. Lin, "Surface-mount WWAN monopole slot antenna for mobile handset," Microwave Opt. Technol. Lett., Vol. 53, pp. 1890-1896, Aug. 2011.
[26] http://www.ifixit.com/Guide/Installing-iPhone-3G-Dock-Connector/578/1
[27] C. I. Lin and K. L. Wong, "Internal meandered loop antenna for GSM/DCS/PCS multiband operation in a mobile phone with the user's hand," Microwave Opt. Technol. Lett., Vol. 54, pp. 759-766, Apr. 2007.
[28] J. C. Lin, “Specific absorption rates induced in head tissues by microwave radiation from cell phones,” Microwave, pp. 22-25, Mar. 2001.
[29] http://www.ansoft.com/products/hf/hfss/, ANSYS Corporation HFSS.
[30] http://www.semcad.com, SEMCAD, Schmid & Partner Engineering AG (SPEAG).
[31] http://standards.ieee.org/findstds/standard/1528-2003.html, IEEE Standard 1528
[32] 陳威宇, 具有分佈式LC匹配電路之八頻LTE/WWAN內藏式手機天線, 國立中山大學電機工程學系碩士論文, 2010.
[33] Federal Communication Commission (FCC), Evaluating compliance with FCC guidelines for human exposure to radio-frequency electromagnetic fields, Washington, DC, OET Bulletin. 65, Aug. 1997.
[34] Commission Eur. Communities, Council recommendation on limits for exposure of the general public to electromagnetic fields: 0 Hz-300 GHz, Brussels, Belgium, Jun. 1998.
[35] 張育維, 與USB接頭整合之內藏式LTE/WWAN手機天線設計, 國立中山大學電機工程學系碩士論文, 2011.
[36] 吳致賢, 適用於行動手機之多頻混合型內藏式天線設計, 國立中山大學電機工程學系博士論文, 2006.
[37] S. J. Kim, K.H. Kong, M. J. Park, Y. S. Chung and Byungje Lee, “Design concept of a mobile handset antenna to mitigate user’s hand effect,” Microwave Opt. Technol. Lett., Vol. 50, pp. 2696-2698, Oct. 2008.
[38] T. Yang, W. A. Davis, W. L. Stutzman and M. C. Huynh, “Cellular-Phone and Hearing-Aid Interaction: An Antenna Solution,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., Vol. 50, pp. 51-65, Jun. 2008.