海洋無脊椎動物已經被發現是含有具有生物活性的二次代謝物的來源，而肉質軟珊瑚(Sarcophyton)屬之軟珊瑚也被證實可得到多種不同種類的活性二次代謝產物。本研究主要針對肉質軟珊瑚Sarcophyton cherbonnieri的乙酸乙酯萃取物中進一步分離純化出可能具有生物活性的二次代謝物之分析研究，本研究總共分離出十六個cembranoid類的天然化合物，其中cherbonolide A-N (2‐15)及bischerbolide peroxide (16)為新化合物及一個已知化合物isosarcophine (1)。
　　上述的二次代謝物之化學結構及物理性質均由紅外線光譜(IR)、紫外線光譜(UV)、圓二色分光光譜(CD)、一維及二維核磁共振(1D、2D NMR)、高低解析質譜(MS)及旋光的數據分析而確定，並比對文獻中已知化合物的光譜資料而確定。化合物2及4經由Mosher’s method酯化反應確定其絕對立體結構，而化合物3、6及10也經由過氧化還原的反應確認其分子結構。化合物15為具有少見的12,17-ether linkage的cembranoid，而化合物16則為首次發現兩個cembranoid單體以過氧化基的方式連接。
　　分離純化後之化合物1‐16進行人類肺腺癌細胞 (A549)、人類結腸癌細胞 (DLD-1) 和人類膽管上皮癌細胞 (HuCCT-1) 之細胞毒殺活性測試。結果顯示化合物 1-16對於這三株癌細胞沒有細胞毒殺活性。

Marine invertebrates have been found to be a rich source of bioactive secondary metabolites. In order to discover bioactive compounds, we have studied the chemical constituents from the organic extracts of Formosan soft corals, Sarcophyton cherbonnieri. The study on the chemical constituents of the ethyl acetate extract of Sarcophyton cherbonnieri has led to the isolation of sixteen natural cembrane-type diterpenoids, compounds 1–16, including fifteen new compounds, cherbonolide A-N (2–15) and bischerbolide peroxide (16), along with one known compound 1, isosarcophine.
The structures of these compounds 1-16 were established by detailed spectroscopic data analysis comprising IR, UV, specific optical rotations, circular dichroism, MS, 1D NMR, 2D NMR, and by comparison of the physical and spectral data with those of the related known compounds. The absolute configuration of 2 and 4 were determined using a modified Mosher’s method and the structures of 3, 6 and 10 were further established by organic methods. 15 is a rare cembranoid of 12, 17-ether linkage skeleton. 16 is discovered to be the first skeleton that two cembranoid were connected by peroxide group.
The cytotoxicity of compounds 1–16 against the A549 (human lung adenocarcinoma), DLD-1 (human colorectal adenocarcinoma), and HuCCT-1 (human intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma) tumor cell lines was determined. The results didn’t show cytotoxic activity.

謝辭 i
中文摘要 ii
英文摘要 iii
化合物1-10 化學結構 iv
化合物11-16 化學結構 v
第一章、緒論
第一節、前言與研究動機 1
第二節、文獻回顧 4
第二章、生物材料與研究方法
第一節、研究流程 52
第二節、珊瑚物種的採集及分類地位 54
第三節、珊瑚樣品之分離流程 55
第四節、實驗設備儀器及材料57
第三章、化合物之結構解析
第一節：軟珊瑚Sarcophyton cherbonnieri 所分離之化合物結構解析
(一)、Isosarcophine (1) 之化合物構造解析 60
(二)、Cherbonolide A (2) 之化合物構造解析 64
(三)、Cherbonolide B (3) 之化合物構造解析 75
(四)、Cherbonolide C (4) 之化合物構造解析 85
(五)、Cherbonolide D (5) 之化合物構造解析 96
(六)、Cherbonolide E (6) 之化合物構造解析 106
(七)、Cherbonolide F (7) 之化合物構造解析 116
(八)、Cherbonolide G (8) 之化合物構造解析 126
(九)、Cherbonolide H (9) 之化合物構造解析 136
(十)、Cherbonolide I (10) 之化合物構造解析 146
(十一)、Cherbonolide J (11) 之化合物構造解析 156
(十二)、Cherbonolide K (12) 之化合物構造解析167
(十三)、Cherbonolide L (13) 之化合物構造解析 177
(十四)、Cherbonolide M (14) 之化合物構造解析188
(十五)、Cherbonolide N (15) 之化合物構造解析198
(十六)、Bischerbolide peroxide (16) 之化合物構造解析208
第二節：化學反應步驟 222
第三節：化合物物理性質及圖譜數據整理225
第四章、生物活性試驗
第一節、生物活性試驗方法
(一)、細胞毒殺活性試驗方法228
(二)、抗發炎活性試驗方法 229
第二節、生物活性試驗結果
(一)、細胞毒殺活性試驗結果231
(二)、抗發炎活性試驗結果 232
第五章、結論 233
第六章、參考文獻 236

1. 江昆達、林全信，豐富的海洋資源，臺灣書店，1998，117–126。
2. http://www.fda.gov/
3. 方力行，海洋與生命，科學發展，2004，1－8。
4. 李玲玲，生物多樣性概論，教育部，2006，95–115。
5. Ruggieri, G. D. Drugs from the sea. Science 1976, 194, 491–497.
6. G. J. Bakus; Science 1981, 211, 497-499.
7. Coll, J. -C.; Bowden, B. -F.; Tapiolas, D. -M.; Dunlap, W. -C. In situ isolation of allelochemicals released from soft corals (Coelenterata : Octocorallia): a totally submersible sampling apparatus. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 1982, 60, 293–299.
8. Blunt, J. W.; Copp, B. R.; Hu, W.-P.; Munro, M. H. G.; Northcote, P. T.; Prinsep, M. R. “Marine natural products” Nap. Prod. Rep. 2008, 25, 3594.
9. 蘇瑞欣、吳淑黎、張祐嘉，珊瑚活性物質的開發，科學發展，2012，479，12–17。
10. Coval, S. -J.; Cross, S.; Bernardinelli, G.; Jefford, C. -W. Brianthein V, a New Cytotoxic and Antiviral Diterpene Isolated from Briareum asbestinum. J. Nat. Prod. 1988, 51, 981–984.
11. Neve, J. -E.; McCool, B. -J.; Bowden, B. -F. Excavatolides N－T, New Briarane Diterpenes from the Western Australian Gorgonian Briareum excavatum. Aust. J. Chem. 1999, 52, 359–366.
12. Shin, J.; Park, M.; Fenical, W. The junceellolides New Anti-inflammatory Diterpenoids of the Briarane Class from the Chinese Gorgonian Junceella Fragilis. Tetrahedron 1989, 45, 1633–1638.
13. Wratten, S. -J.; Fenical, W.; Faulkner, D. -J. Ptilosarcone, the Toxin from the Sea Pen Ptilosarcus gurneyi. Tetrahedron Lett. 1977, 18, 1559–1562.
14. Kobayashi, J.; Cheng, J. -F.; Nakamura, H.; Ohizumi, Y.; Tomotake, Y.; Matsuzaki, T.; Grace, K. J. -S.; Jacobs, R. -S.; Kato, Y.; Brinen, L. -S.; Clardy, J. Structure and Stereochemistry of Brianolide, a New Antiinflammatory Diterpenoid from the Okinawan Gorgonian Briareum sp. Cell. Mol. Life. Sci. 1991, 47, 501–502.
15. Grode, S. -H.; James, T. -R., Jr; Cardellina, J. -H., II.; Onan, K. -D. Molecular Structures of the Briantheins, New Insecticidal Diterpenes from Briareum polyanthes. J. Org. Chem. 1983, 48, 5203–5207.
16. 邵廣昭，台灣本土物種全都錄–45,000種本土物種可上網查閱，行政院國家科學委員會之專題報導，2005/4/7
17. 戴昌鳳，台灣珊瑚礁地圖(上)-台灣本島篇，天下遠見出版，2011
18. 方力行，珊瑚學–兼論台灣的珊瑚資源，黎明文化出版，1989，71–84
19. 戴昌鳳，墾丁國家公園—珊瑚之美，墾丁國家公園管理處員工消費合作社出版，屏東，中華民國，1987，916。
20. Bernstein, J.; Shmueli, U.; Zadock, E.; Kashman, Y.; Neeman, I. “Sarcophine, a new epoxy cembranolide from marine origin” Tetrahedron 1974, 30, 2817–2824.
21. Iwagawa, T.; Hashimoto, K.; Okamura, H.; Kurawaki, J.-I.; Nakatani, M.; Hou, D.-X.; Fujii, M.; Doe, M.; Morimoto, Y.; Takemura, K. “Biscembranes from the soft coral Sarcophyton glaucum” J. Nat. Prod. 2006, 69, 1130–1133.
22. Duh, C.-Y.; Hou, R.-S. “Cytotoxic cembranoids from the soft corals Sinularia gibberosa and Sarcophyton trocheliophorum” J. Nat. Prod. 1996, 59, 595–598.
23. Dong, H.; Gou, Y.-L.; Kini, R. M.; Xu, H.-X.; Chen, S.-X.; Teo, L.-M.; But, P.-H. “A new cytotoxic polyhydroxysterol from soft coral Sarcophyton trocheliophorum” Chem. Pharm. Bull. 2000, 48, 1087–1089.
24. Bowden, B. F.; Coll, J. C.; Mitchell, S. J. “Studies of Australian soft corals. XVIII* Further cembranoid diterpenes from soft corals of the genus Sarcophyton” Aust. J. Chem. 1980, 33, 879–884.
25. Gross, H.; Wright, A. D.; Beil, W.; König, G. M. “Two new bicyclic cembranolides from a new Sarcophyton species and determination of the absolute configuration of Sarcoglaucol-16-one” Org. Biomol. Chem. 2004, 2, 1133–1138.
26. Kashman, Y.; Zadock, E.; Neeman, I. “Some new cembrane derivatives of marine origin” Tetrahedron 1974, 30, 3615–3620.
27. Tursch, B. “Some recent developments in the chemistry of Alcyonaceans” Pure＆Appl.Chem. 1976, 48, 1–6.
28. Bowden, B. F.; Coll, J. C.; Hicks, W.; Kazlauskas, R.; Mitchell, S. J. “Studies of Australian soft corals. X* The isolation of Epoxyisoneocembrene-A from Sinularia grayi and Isoneocembrene-A from Sarcophyton ehrenbergi” Aust. J. Chem. 1978, 31, 2027–2012.
29. Bowden, B. F.; Coll, J. C.; Mitchell, S. J.; Stokie, G. J. “Studies of Australian soft corals. XI* Two new cembranoid diterpenes from a Sarcophyton species” Aust. J. Chem. 1979, 32, 653–659.
30. Kobayashi, M.; Nakagawa, T.; Mitsuhashi, H. “Marine terpenes and terpenoids. I. Structures of four cembrane-type diterpenes; Sarcophytol-A, Sarcophytol-A acetate Sarcophytol-B, and Sarcophytonin-A, from the soft coral, Sarcophyton glaucum” Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1979, 27, 2382–2387.
31. Kobayashi, M.; Osabe, K. “Marine terpenes and terpenoids. VII. Minor cembranoid derivatives, structurally related to the potent anti-tumor-promoter Sarcophytol A, from the soft coral Sarcophyton glaucum” Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1989, 37, 631–636.
32. Toth, A. J; Burreson, J. B.; Scheuer, J. P. “Emblide, a new polyfunctional cembranolide from the soft coral Sarcophyton glaucum” Tetrahedron 1980, 36, 1307–1309.
33. Uchio, Y.; Nitta. M.; Nakayama, M.; Iwagawa, T.; Hase, T. “Ketoemblide and Sarcophytolide, two new cembranolides with ε-lactone function from the soft coral Sarcophyton elegans” Chem. Lett. 1983, 613–616.
34. Nakagawa, T.; Kobayashi, M.; Hayashi, K.; Mitsuhashi, H. “Marine terpenes and terpenoids. II. Structures of three cembrane-type diterpenes; Sarcophytol-C, Sarcophytol-D, and Sarcophytol-E, from the soft coral, Sarcophyton glaucum Q. et. G” Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1981, 29, 82–87.
35. Bowden, B. F.; Coll, J. C.; Wells, R. H. “Studies of Australian soft corals. XXVII* Two novel diterpenes from Sarcophyton glaucum” Aust. J. Chem. 1982, 35, 621–627.
36. Kobayashi, M.; Osabe, K. “Marine terpenes and terpenoids. VIII. Transannular cyclization of 3,4-Epoxy-1,7,11-cembratriene systems” Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1989, 37, 1192–1196.
37. Kobayashi, M.; Iesaka, T.; Nakano, E. “Marine terpenes and terpenoids. IX. Structures of six new cembranoids, Sarcophytols F, K, P, Q, R and S, from the soft coral Sarcophyton glaucum” Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1989, 37, 2053–2057.
38. Kobayashi, M.; Nakano, E. “Sterochemical course of the transannular cyclization, in chloroform, of epoxycembranoids derived from the geometrical isomers of (14S)-14-Hydroxy-1,3,7,11-cembratetraenes” J. Org. Chem. 1990, 55, 1947–1951.
39. Kusumi, T.; Igari, M.; Ishitsuka, M. O.; Ichikawa, A.; Itezono, Y.; Nakayama, N.; Kakisawa, H. “A novel chlorinated biscembranoid from the marine soft coral Sarcophyton glaucum” J. Org. Chem. 1990, 55, 6286–6289.
40. Ishitsuka, M. O.; Kusumi, T.; Kakisawa, H. “Isolation of a monomeric counterpart of the marine biscembranoids, a biogentic diels-alder precursor” Tetrahedron Lett. 1991, 32, 2917–2918.
41. Badria, F. A.; Guirguis, A. N.; Perovic, S.; Steffen, R.; Müller, W. E. G.; Schröder, H. C. “Sarcophytolide: a new neuroprotective compound from the soft coral Sarcophyton glaucum” Toxicology 1998, 131, 133–143.
42. Iwagawa, T.; Nakashima, R.; Takayama, K.; Okamura, H.; Nakatani, M.; Doe, M.; Shibata, K. “New cembranes from the soft coral Sarcophyton species” J. Nat. Prod. 1999, 62, 1046–1049.
43. Feller, M.; Rudi, A.; Berer, N.; Goldberg, I.; Stein, Z.; Benayahu, Y.; Schleyer, M.; Kashman, Y. “Isoprenoids of the soft coral Sarcophyton glaucum: Nyalolide, a new biscembranoid, and other terpenoids” J. Nat. Prod. 2004, 67, 1303–1308.
44. Iwagawa, T.; Hashimoto, K.; Okamura, H.; Kurawaki, J.-I.; Nakatani, M.; Hou, D.-X.; Fujii, M.; Doe, M.; Morimoto, Y.; Takemura, K. “Biscembranes from the soft coral Sarcophyton glaucum” J. Nat. Prod. 2006, 69, 1130–1133.
45. Yan, X.-H.; Gavagnin, M.; Ciminob, G.; Guoa, Y.-W. “Two new biscembranes with unprecedented carbon skeleton and their probable biogenetic precursor from the Hainan soft coral Sarcophyton latum” J. Nat. Prod. 2007, 48, 5313–5316.
46. Iwagawa, T.; Hashimoto, K.; Yokogawa, Y.; Okamura, H.; Nakatani, M.; Doe, M.; Morimoto, Y. and Takemura, K. “Cytotoxic biscembranes from the soft coral Sarcophyton glaucum” J. Nat. Prod. 2009, 72, 946-949.
47. Rania F. Abou El-Ezz, Safwat A. Ahmed, Mohamed M. Radwan, Nahla A. Ayoub, Manal S. Afifi, Samir A. Ross, Pawel T. Szymanski, Hesham Fahmy, Sherief I. Khalifa “Bioactive cembranoids from the Red Sea soft coral Sarcophyton glaucum” Tetrahedron Lett. 2013, 54, 989-992.
48. Sultan S. Al-Lihaibi, Walied M. Alarif, Ahmed Abdel-Lateff, Seif-Eldin N. Ayyad,Ashraf B. Abdel-Naim, Fardous F. El-Senduny, Farid A. Badria “Three new cembranoid-type diterpenes from Red Sea soft coral Sarcophyton glaucum: Isolation and antiproliferative activity against HepG2 cells” Eur. J. Med. Chem. 2014, 81, 314-322.
49. König, G. M.; Wright, A. D. “New cembranoid diterpenes from the soft coral Sarcophyton ehrenbergi” J. Nat. Prod. 1998, 61, 494–496.
50. Cheng, S.-Y.; Wang, S.-K.; Chiou, S.-F.; Hsu, C.-H.; Dai, C.-F.; Chiang, M. Y. and Duh, C.-Y. “Cembranoids from the octocoral Sarcophyton ehrenbergi” J. Nat. Prod. 2010, 73, 197-203.
51. Ahmed Elkhateeb, Ahmed A. El-Beih, Amira M. Gamal-Eldeen, Montaser A. Alhammady, Shinji Ohta, Paul W. Paré and Mohamed-Elamir F. Hegazy “New Terpenes from the Egyptian Soft Coral Sarcophyton ehrenbergi” Mar. Drugs 2014, 12, 1977-1986.
52. Cheng, S.-Y.; Wang, S.-K.; Hsieh, M.-K. and Duh, C.-Y. “Polyoxygenated Cembrane Diterpenoids from the Soft Coral Sarcophyton ehrenbergi” Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2015, 16, 6140-6152.
53. Groweiss, A.; Kashman, Y.; Vanderah, D. J.; Tursch, B.; Cornet, P.; Braekman, J. C.; Daloze, D. “The structure of Trocheliophorol, a cembranoid diterpene from soft coral of the genus Sarcophyton” Bull. Soc. Chim. Belg. 1978, 87, 277–283.
54. Carmely, S.; Groweiss, A.; Kashman, Y. “Decaryiol, a new cembrane diterpene from the marine soft coral Sarcophyton decaryi” J. Org. Chem. 1981, 46, 4279–4284.
55. Suleimenova, A. M.; Kalinovskii, A. I.; Raldugin, V. A.; Shevtsov, S. A.; Bagryanskaya, I. Yu.; Gatilov, V. Yu; Kuznetsova, T. A; Elyakov, G. B. “New derivatives of ()-Neocembrene from the soft coral Sarcophyton trocheliophorum” Chem. Nat. Comp. 1988, 24, 453458.
56. Kuznetsova, T. A.; Popov, A. M.; Agafonova, I. G.; Suleimenova, A. M.; Elyakov, G. B. “Physiological activity of diterpenoids from the soft coral Sarcophyton trocheliophorum” Chem. Nat. Comp.1989, 25, 122124.
57. Wu, Y.-C.; Hsieh, P.-W.; Duh, C.-Y.; Wang, S.-K.; Soong, K.-Y.; Fang, L.-S. “Studies on Formosan soft corals I-cytotoxic cembrane diterpenes from Sarcophyton trocheliophorum” J. Chin. Chem. Soc. 1992, 39, 355–357.
58. Greenland, G. J.; Bowden, B. F. “Cembranoid diterpenes related to Sarcophytol A from the soft coral Sarcophyton trocheliophorum (Alcyonacea)” Aust. J. Chem. 1994, 47, 2013–2021.
59. Liang, L.-F.; Gao, L.-X.; Li, J., Orazio T.-S.; Guo, Y.-W. “Cembrane diterpenoids from the soft coral Sarcophyton trocheliophorum Marenzeller as a new class of PTP1B inhibitors” Bioorg. Med. Chem. 2013, 21, 5076-5080.
60. Hegazy, M.-E. F.; Mohameda, T. A.; Fathy, F. A.-L.; Alsaid, M. S.; Shahat, A. A.; Paré, P. W. “Trochelioid A and B, new cembranoid diterpenes from the Red Sea soft coral Sarcophyton trocheliophorum” Phytochemistry Letters 2013, 6, 383-386.
61. Liang, L.-F.; Lan, L.-F.; Orazio, T.-S.; Guo, Y.-W. “Sartrolides A-G and bissartrolide, new cembranolides from the South China Sea soft coral Sarcophyton trocheliophorum Marenzeller” Tetrahedron 2013, 69, 7381-7386.
62. Duh, C.-Y.; Wang, S.-K.; Chung, S.-G.; Chou, G.-C.; Dai, C.-F. “Cytotoxic cembrenolides and steroids from the Formosan soft coral Sarcophyton crassocaule” J. Nat. Prod. 2000, 63, 1634–1637.
63. Zhang, C.; Li, J.; Su, J.; Liang, Y.-J.; Yang, X.-P; Zheng, K.-C; Zeng, L.-M. “Cytotoxic diterpenoids from the soft coral Sarcophyton crassocaule” J. Nat. Prod. 2006, 69, 1476–1480.
64. Huang, H.-C.; Ahmed, A. F.; Su J.-H.; Chao, C.-H.; Wu, Y-C.; Chiang, M.-Y.; Sheu, J.-H. “Crassocolides AF, cembranoids with a trans-fused lactone from the soft coral Sarcophyton crassocaule” J. Nat. Prod. 2006, 69, 1554–1559.
65. Huang, H.-C.; Chao, C.-H.; Wu, Y-C.; Kuo, Y.-H.; Sheu, J.-H. “Crassocolides GM, cembranoids from the Formosan soft coral Sarcophyton crassocaule” Chem.＆Biodiv. 2009, 6, 1232–1242.
66. Wang, G.-H.; Huang, H.-C.; Su, J.-H.; Huang, C.-Y.; Hsu, C.-H.; Kuo, Y.-H. ; Sheu, J.-H. “Crassocolides N–P, three cembranoids from the Formosan soft coral Sarcophyton crassocaule” Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2011, 21, 7201-7204.
67. Carmely, S.; Groweiss, A.; Kashman, Y. “Decaryiol, a new cembrane diterpene from the marine soft coral Sarcophyton decaryi” J. Org. Chem. 1981, 46, 4279–4284.
68. Su, J.-Y.; Long, K.-H.; Pang, T.-S. “The structure of Methyl isosartortuoate, a novel tetraterpenoid from the soft coral Sarcophyton tortuosum” J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1986, 108, 177–178.
69. Leone, P. A.; Bowden, B. F.; Carroll, A. R.; Coll, J. C.; Meehan, G. V. “Studies of Australian soft corals. XLIX. A new biscembranoid and its probable biosynthetic precursors from the soft coral Sarcophyton tortuosum” J. Nat. Prod. 1993, 56, 521–526.
70. Zeng, L.-M.; Lan, W.-J.; Su, J.-Y.; Zhang, G.-W.; Feng, X.-L.; Liang, Y.-J.; Yang, X.-P. “Two new cytotoxic tetracyclic tetraterpenoids from the soft coral Sarcophyton tortuosum” J. Nat. Prod. 2004, 67, 1915–1918.
71. Jia, R.; Guo, Y.-W.; Chen, P.; Yang, Y.-M.; Mollo, E.; Gavagnin, M.; Cimino, G. “Biscembranoids and their probable biogenetic precursor from the Hainan soft coral Sarcophyton tortuosum” J. Nat. Prod. 2007, 70, 1158–1166.
72. Lin, K.-H.; Tseng, Y.-J.; Chen, B.-W.; Hwang, T.-L.; Chen, H.-Y.; Dai, C.-F. and Sheu, J.-H. “New Terpenes from the Egyptian Soft Coral Sarcophyton ehrenbergi” Org. Lett. 2014, 16, 1314-1317.
73. Gross, H.; Kehraus, S.; Nett, M.; König, G. M.; Beil, W.; Wright, A. D. “New cytotoxic cembrane based diterpenes from the soft corals Sarcophyton cherbonnieri and Nephthea sp.” Org. Biomol. Chem. 2003, 1, 944–949.
74. Jia, R.; Guo, Y.-W.; Mollo, E.; Gavagnin, M.; Cimino, G. “Sarcophytonolides EH, cembranolides from the Hainan soft corals Sarcophyton latum” J. Nat. Prod. 2006, 69, 819–822.
75. Yan, X.-H.; Li, Z.-Y.; Guo Y.-W. “Further new cembranoid diterpenes from the Hainan soft coral Sarcophyton latum” Helv. Chim. Acta 2007, 90, 1574–1580.
76. Bishara, A.; Rudi, A.; Benayahu, Y.; Kashman, Y. “Three biscembranoids and their monomeric counterpart cembranoid, a biogenetic diels-alder precursor, from the soft coral Sarcophyton elegans” J. Nat. Prod. 2007, 70, 1951–1954.
77. Xi, Z.; Bie, W.; Chen, W.; Liu, D.; Ofwegen, L. V.; Proksch, P. and Lin, W. “Sarcophyolides B–E, new cembranoids from the soft coral
Sarcophyton elegans” Mar. Drugs 2013, 11, 3186-3196.
78. Cheng, Y.-B.; Shen, Y.-C.; Kuo, Y.-H.; Khalil A.-T. “Cembrane diterpenoids from the Taiwanese soft coral Sarcophyton stolidotum” J. Nat. Prod. 2008, 71, 1141–1145.
79. Bensemhoun, J.; Rudi, A.; Bombarda, I.; Gaydou, E. M.; Kashman, Y.; Aknin, M. “Flexusines A and B and Epimukulol from the soft coral Sarcophyton flexuosum” J. Nat. Prod. 2008, 71, 1262–1264.
80. Nermeen A. Eltahawy, Amany K. Ibrahim, Mohamed M. Radwan, Mahmoud A. ElSohly, Hashim A. Hassanean, Safwat A. Ahmed “Cytotoxic cembranoids from the Red Sea soft coral, Sarcophyton
auritum” Tetrahedron Lett. 2014, 55, 3984-3988.
81. Cuong, N.-X.; Tuan, T.-A.; Kiem, P.-V.; Minh, C.-V.; Choi, E.-M.; Kim, Y.-H. “New cembranoid diterpenes from the Vietnamese soft coral Sarcophyton mililatensis stimulate osteoblastic differentiation in MC3T3-El cells” Chem. Pharm. Bull. 2008, 38, 2442–2445.
82. Zhu, J.-Y.; Li, W.; Bao, J.-M.; Zhang, J.-S.; Yin, S.; Tang, G.-H. “Diterpenoids from the South China Sea soft coral Sarcophyton solidum” Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 2015, 62, 1-10.
83. Coll, J. C.; Hawes, G. B.; Liyanage, N.; Oberhansli, W.; Wells, R. J. “Studies of Australian soft corals. I* A new cembranoid diterpene from a Sarcophyton species” Aust. J. Chem. 1977, 30, 1305–1309.
84. Bowden, B. F.; Coll, J. C.; Mitchell, S. J.; Stokie, G. J. “Studies of Australian soft corals. XI* Two new cembranoid diterpenes from a Sarcophyton species” Aust. J. Chem. 1979, 32, 653–659.
85. Frincke, J. M.; McIntyre, D. E.; Faulkner, D. J. “Deoxosarcophine from a soft coral, Sarcophyton sp.” Tetrahedron Lett. 1980, 21, 735–738.
86. Kazlauskas, R.; Baird-Lambert, J. A.; Murphy, P. T., Wells, R. J. “Two new cembrane from a soft coral (Sarcophyton species)” Aust. J. Chem. 1982, 35, 61–68.
87. Blackman, A. J.; Bowden, B. F.; Coll, J. C.; Frick, B.; Mahendran, M.; Mitchell, S. J. “Studies of Australian soft corals. XXIX* Several new cembranoid diterpenes from Nephthea brassica and related diterpenes from a Sarcophyton species” Aust. J. Chem. 1982, 35, 1873–1880.
88. Masaru Kobayashi and Takumi Hiase “Marine terpenes and terpenoids. XI. Structures of new dihydrofuranocembranoid isolated from a Sarcophyton sp. soft coral of Okinawa” Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1990, 38, 2442–2445.
89. Kobayashi, M.; Hirase, T. “Marine terpenes and terpenoids. XIII. Isolated of a new dihydrofuranocembranoid, Sarcophytonin E, from the Sarcophyton sp. soft coral of Okinawa” Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1991, 39, 3055-3056.
90. Anthoni, U.; Bock, K.; Christophersen, C.; Duus, J. Ø.; Kjær, E. B.; Nielsen, P. H. “Structure of a novel antifouling epoxy cembrenoid diterpene from a Sarcophyton sp.” Tetrahedron Lett. 1991, 32, 2825–2826.
91. Iwagawa, T.; Nakamura, S.; Masuda, T.; Okamura, H.; Nakatani, M.; Siro, M. “Irregular cembranoids containing a 13-membered carbocyclic skeleton isolated from a soft coral, Sarcophyton species” Tetrahedron 1995, 51, 5291–5298.
92. Iwagawa, T.; Nakamura, S.; Okamura, H.; Nakatani, M.; “Ichthyotoxic cembranoids from the soft coral, Sarcophyton sp.” Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 1996, 69, 3543–3549.
93. Miyaoka, H.; Taira, S.; Mitome, H.; Iguchi, K.; Matsumoto, K.; Yokoo, C.; Yamada, Y. “Two new cembrane-type diterpenoids from Okinawan soft coral of genus, Sarcophyton” Chem. Lett. 1996, 239–240.
94. Pham, N. B.; Butler, M. S.; Quinn, R. J. “Naturally occurring cembranes from an Australian Sarcophyton species” J. Nat. Prod. 2002, 65, 1147–1150.
95. Longeon, A.; Bourguet-Kondracki, M.-L.; Guyot, M. “Two new cembrane diterpenoids from a Madagascan soft coral of the genus Sarcophyton” Tetrahedron Lett. 2002, 43, 5937–5939.
96. Jia, R.; Guo, Y.-W.; Mollo, E.; Cimino, G. “Sarcophytonolides AD, four new cembranolides from the Hainan soft coral Sarcophyton sp.” Helvetica Chimica Acta. 2005, 88, 1028–1033.
97. Bowden B. E, Coll J. C., Heaton A, Konig G., Bruck M, A., Gramer
R. E., Klein D, M, Scheuer R J. “The Structures of Four Isomeric Dihydrofuran-Contaning Cembranoid Diterpenes From Several Spieces of Soft Coral ”J Nat Prod. 1987, 50, 650-659
98. Kapojosa, M. M.; Lee, J.-S.; Oda, T.; Nakazawa, T.; Takahashi, O.; Ukai, K.; Mangindaan, R. E.P.; Rotinsulu, H.; Wewengkang, D. S.; Tsukamoto, S.; Kobayashi, H.; Namikoshi, M. “Two unprecedented cembrene-type terpenes from an Indonesian soft coral Sarcophyton sp.” Tetrahedron 2010, 66, 641-645.
99. Takenori, K.; Kengo Y.; Midori O. I.; Yoshiharu F.; Hiroshi, K. “New cembranoids from the Okinawan soft coral Sinularia mayi” Chem. Lett. 1990, 1315-1318.
100. Dale, J. A.; Mosher, H. S. “Nuclear magnetic resonance enantiomer reagents. Configurational correlations via nuclear magnetic resonance chemical shifts of diastereomeric mandelate, 0-Methylmandelate, and α-Methoxy-α-trifluoromethylphenylacetate (MTPA) esters” J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1973, 95, 512519.
101. Ohtani, I.; Kusumi, T.; Kashman, Y.; Kakisawa, H. “High-field FT NMR application of Mosher’s method. The absolute configurations of marine terpenoids” J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1991, 113, 40924096.
102. Friedrich, D.; Doskotch, R. -W.; Paquette, L. -A. Revised Constitution of Sclerophytins A and B. Org. Lett. 2000, 2, 1879-1882.
103. Hassan, H. -M.; Khanfar, M. -A.; Elnagar, A. -Y.; Mohammed, R.; Shaala, L. -A.; Youssef, D. -T. -A.; Hifnawy, M. -S.; El Sayed, K. -A. Pachycladins A－E, Prostate Cancer Invasion and Migration Inhibitory Eunicellin-Based Diterpenoids from the Red Sea Soft Coral Cladiella pachyclados. J. Nat. Prod. 2010, 73, 848-853.
104. Zhao, K.; Wang, Y.; Han, L.; 4,5-Epoxycholestane-3,6-diols: Templates for generating the full set of eight cholestane-3,5,6-triol stereoisomers in multigram scales, but not for a cholestane-3,4,6-triol. Steroids 2007, 72, 95－104.