為提升蓄電池之有效釋放能量，避免電池過度充電或放電以延長使用壽命，本論文以電池電源並聯供電的方式取代傳統串聯電池組的架構。首先將敘述電池串聯應用時所遇到的問題，緊跟者是電池管理相關主題的介紹。接下來提出電池電源模組之並聯運轉架構。每個電池均搭配一組直流對直流(DC/DC)轉換電路以應付各種負載需求。這個直流轉換電路，可以提供升壓或降壓的功能，以符合各式各樣負載電壓等級；除此之外，還能提供輸出穩壓的功能。單一電池電源將採模組化設計，使電源系統易於維護，並增加運轉與擴充容量之彈性。
電池在並聯充電時可以避免過度充電。電池電源的並聯架構將不再受制於串聯時的放電電流一致的限制，可以採取更有彈性的放電模式，個別電池電源之放電電流在滿足負載需求下，可單獨控制，對於放電態樣(Discharging Profile)的研究將有更寬廣的空間，提供更多的選擇。此外，電池的運轉管理有賴於電池電量狀態(State-Of-Charge, SOC)的準確估測和電池健康狀態(State-Of-Health, SOH)的正確評估。由於在電池電源的並聯架構下，電池之間可相互支援，因而容許在無載的狀態下，對電池進行量測，預期可發展更準確合理估測SOC及SOH的方法。
電池並聯運轉的概念不只適用於鉛酸電池，同時也適用於其他類型電池。實驗結果證實了在並聯運轉下，電池的蓄電量能夠作更有效地發揮。最後，配合簡單的SOC估測方法和SOH評估方法，完成更合適的電池管理。

Operating batteries in parallel is attempted to overcome the problems with conventionally used battery bank, in which batteries are connected in series. The problems and the management with the operation of serial connected batteries are first addressed. The related topics to the parallel configuration are reviewed. Then, the parallel configuration with battery power modules is proposed. The battery power module can be realized with different dc-to-dc converters for different applications.
When batteries are charged in parallel, the problem of over-charge can be avoided. With parallel operation, the discharging currents of the batteries are independently controlled but are coordinated to execute a full amount load current. This allows for scheduling the discharging profiles under different operating conditions. As a result, a sophisticated discharging profile can be realized to utilize the available stored energy in batteries. On the other hand, some of the batteries may take rest or be isolated from the system for the detections at a time. This facilitates the estimations of the state of charge (SOC) and the state of health (SOH). Moreover, the completely exhausted or damaged batteries can be isolated from the battery power supply bank without interrupting the system operation.
Experiments are carried out on battery power modules with lead-acid batteries incorporating with associated buck-boost converters. The experimental results demonstrate that a more efficient utilization of battery energy can be achieved. On the other hand, a more reasonable management can be done with simple estimation methods of the SOC and the SOH.

Contents
Chapter 1 Introduction 1
1.1 Research Motivation 1
1.2 Problems with Series Operation 2
1.3 Parallel Configuration 4
1.4 Content Arrangement 6
Chapter 2 Reviews on Related Topics 7
2.1 Discharging Profiles 7
2.2 SOC Estimation 9
2.2.1 Discharge Test 9
2.2.2 Coulomb/Ampere Hour Counting 9
2.2.3 Electrolyte Concentration Measuring 10
2.2.4 Internal Resistance Measuring 10
2.4.5 Open Circuit Voltage Measuring 11
2.4.6 Coup de Fouet Effect 12
2.4.7 Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy 12
2.4.8 Other Methods 13
2.3 SOH evaluation 14
Chapter 3 Parallel Operation and Management 15
3.1 Parallel Modules Configuration 15
3.1.1 Single Battery Power Modules 16
3.1.2 Configuration of Parallel Battery Power Modules 18

3.2 SOC Estimation and SOH Evaluation 21
3.2.1 SOC Estimation 21
3.2.2 SOH Evaluation 21
3.3 Discharging Current Control and Coordination 22
3.4 Control Unit and System Interface Circuit 23
3.4.1 Control Unit 23
3.4.2 Voltage Acquisition Circuit 24
3.4.3 Current Acquisition Circuit 25
3.4.5 Driven Circuit for PWM 26
Chapter 4 Experimental Results 27
4.1 Operation of Parallel Battery Power Modules 27
4.1.1 Constant Current Discharging 28
4.1.2 Intermittent Current Discharging 32
4.1.3 Current Coordination of Battery in Parallel
Configuration 33
4.2 Charging Battery in Parallel 34
4.3 Discharging Profiles 37
4.3.1 Experiment Set1 37
4.3.2 Experiment Set2 38
4.3.3 Hybrid Current Discharging 39
4.4 SOH Evaluation 41
4.5 SOC Estimation 45
Chapter 5 Conclusions and Discussions 47
References 49

List of Figures
Fig. 2.1 Capacity variation as a function of load current 8
Fig. 2.2 Battery voltages with constant discharging and intermittent discharging 8
Fig. 2.3 Related parameters of discharging profile 8
Fig. 2.4 Internal resistance model of battery 10
Fig. 2.5 The relationship between internal resistance and SOC 11
Fig. 2.6 The recovery battery voltage after disconnected from load 11
Fig. 2.7 Coup de fouet phenomenon 12
Fig. 2.8 Equivalent model of battery 13
Fig. 3.1 Battery management system 15
Fig. 3.2 Battery power modules with (a) buck converter, (b) boost converter, (c) buck-boost converter and (d) Cu

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