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博碩士論文 etd-0614114-163105 詳細資訊
Title page for etd-0614114-163105
論文名稱
Title
FlexRay 系統之過壓保護傳送器與具危障偵測之匯流排驅動控制器
Transmitter with Over-Voltage Protection and Bus Driver Controller with Hazard Detection for FlexRay Systems
系所名稱
Department
畢業學年期
Year, semester
語文別
Language
學位類別
Degree
頁數
Number of pages
82
研究生
Author
指導教授
Advisor
召集委員
Convenor
口試委員
Advisory Committee
口試日期
Date of Exam
2014-06-26
繳交日期
Date of Submission
2014-07-14
關鍵字
Keywords
FlexRay 傳送器、危障偵測、狀態轉 換、匯流排仲裁器、過壓偵測、匯流排驅動器
Bus Driver (BD), state transition, hazard detection, FlexRay transmitter, over-voltage detector
統計
Statistics
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中文摘要
FlexRay 協定係針對車用系統網路,借助雙絞線或光纖等通訊介質,將分散於車內各種電子控制單元(Electronic Control Unit, ECU)、感測器與儀表等設備互相連接,所制定出一具高速性與可靠性之車載網路通訊標準。本論文係針對車用電子之IC 設計進行相關研究,尤其是針對FlexRay 系統所需之電路設計,其中包
含兩個技術: 具過壓保護之傳送器與具危障偵測之匯流排驅動控制器。

關於FlexRay 系統傳送器設計,本論文提出一包含過壓偵測電路之傳送器,以符合FlexRay 技術規格,該過壓偵測電路先將可能過壓之匯流排訊號(BP、BM),降壓至低壓元件可使用之範圍,再輸入至比較器中,判斷匯流排訊號是否有過壓情況的危險發生。當過壓偵測訊號被啟動時,將關閉傳送器中之所有電晶體,以保護電路安全。

再者,本章亦針對FlexRay 系統要求,提出一具危障偵測之匯流排驅動控制器,其中包含低準位電壓偵測器、匯流排錯誤偵測器與喚醒偵測等電路,此四種危障偵測訊號將在錯誤偵測器中做統整,並做出相對應之安全防護措施。該匯流排驅動控制器共有四種狀態,用於協調介面、電子控制單元、主機端與匯流排驅動前端。
Abstract
FlexRay is a high-speed automotive bus standard designed to integrate ECUs, sensors, and discretes within an in-car network. The research of this thesis is mainly focused on the required safety mechanisms for FlexRay bus standards, including transmitter (Tx) with over-voltage protection and bus driver controller with hazard detection.

A FlexRay transmitter demands many protective devices to comply with FlexRay specifications, where the over-voltage detector is one of the most needed. The overvoltage detector clamps the bus (BP and BM) voltage to the range for low-voltage devices, where comparators are used to distinguish whether any hazard is happened. If the overvoltage alarm is asserted, the FlexRay transmitter must be turned off for safety.

A Bus Driver (BD) controller design is presented in the second part of this thesis, where all of the hazard detection and protection required by FlexRay are integrated and realized, including under-voltage (UV), bus failure, wake-up detection, etc. Four kinds of hazard signals will be processed in Error Detector so as to activate corresponding safety actions. The required 4-state transition for FlexRay BD control is also carried out to coordinate the interfacing and signaling among the ECU Host and the analog BD frontend.
目次 Table of Contents
論文口試委員審定書. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i
論文摘要. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii
Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii
目錄. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv
圖目錄. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii
表目錄. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi
1 概論. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 前言. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 相關技術與文獻討論. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.2.1 FlexRay 通訊控制技術探討. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.2.2 FlexRay 現有商用產品探討. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.3 研究動機. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1.4 論文大綱. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2 具過壓保護之FlexRay 系統傳送器. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.1 簡介. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.2 電路架構. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2.3 電路設計分析. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.3.1 傳送器電路分析. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

2.3.2 參考電壓切換電路分析. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.3.3 過壓保護電路分析. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.4 電路模擬與預計規格. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.4.1 模擬結果. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.4.2 預計規格列表. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
2.5 晶片佈局. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
2.6 晶片實作與量測. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
2.6.1 晶片照相. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
2.6.2 量測環境. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
2.7 晶片量測. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
2.8 結論. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
3 具危障偵測之匯流排驅動控制器. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
3.1 簡介. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
3.1.1 系統層次. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
3.1.2 ECU 節點. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
3.2 電路架構. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
3.3 電路原理與分析. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
3.3.1 匯流排驅動控制器電路分析. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
3.3.2 危障偵測器電路分析. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

3.4 電路模擬. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
3.4.1 低準位電壓偵測電路模擬結果. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
3.4.2 匯流排錯誤偵測器模擬結果. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
3.4.3 過溫度偵測電路模擬結果. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
3.4.4 危障偵測機制模擬結果. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
3.4.5 匯流排驅動控制器模擬結果. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
3.4.6 預計規格. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
3.5 晶片佈局. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
3.6 結論. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
4 結論與未來規劃. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
參考文獻. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

圖目錄
圖1.1 車載網路通訊協定資料傳輸速率與節點成本[1] . . . . . . . . . . . 2
圖1.2 車載網路系統應用[2] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
圖1.3 FlexRay 網路拓樸示意圖. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
圖1.4 FlexRay 訊框格式[8] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
圖1.5 靜態區段訊框示意圖[8] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
圖1.6 動態區段訊框示意圖[8] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
圖1.7 FlexRay 通訊週期結構[8] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
圖1.8 MAC、FSP 及CODE 關係圖. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
圖1.9 MAC 與時脈同步功能時序關係圖[8] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
圖1.10 冷開機正常運作狀態轉換圖[8] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
圖2.1 FlexRay 實體層架構圖. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
圖2.2 FlexRay 傳接器基本架構圖[7] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
圖2.3 FlexRay 傳輸訊號之電氣特性圖[7] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
圖2.4 傳送器閒置狀態與活動狀態轉換特性圖. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
圖2.5 傳送器活動狀態之訊號傳輸特性圖. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
圖2.6 具過壓保護之防漏電流FlexRay 傳接器之整體架構圖. . . . . . . 20
圖2.7 傳送器電路架構圖. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

圖2.8 延緩開關電路波形圖. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
圖2.9 高壓電晶體與高壓二極體運作示意圖. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
圖2.10 參考電壓切換電路架構圖. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
圖2.11 過壓保護電路架構圖. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
圖2.12 FlexRay 傳送器基本量測示意圖. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
圖2.13 傳送器BP、BM 輸出訊號模擬圖. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
圖2.14 傳送器匯流排差動訊號uBus 訊號模擬圖. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
圖2.15 傳送器匯流排訊號正過壓模擬圖. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
圖2.16 傳送器匯流排訊號負過壓模擬圖. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
圖2.17 具過壓保護之FlexRay 系統傳送器晶片佈局圖. . . . . . . . . . . 30
圖2.18 具過壓保護之FlexRay 系統傳送器晶片照相圖. . . . . . . . . . . 31
圖2.19 具過壓保護之FlexRay 系統傳送器量測環境圖. . . . . . . . . . . 32
圖2.20 溫度變異量測環境圖. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
圖2.21 傳送器啟動狀態轉低功率閒置狀態之量測圖. . . . . . . . . . . . 33
圖2.22 傳送器訊號傳輸之量測圖. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
圖2.23 匯流排訊號正過壓量測圖. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
圖2.24 匯流排訊號負過壓量測圖. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
圖3.1 FlexRay 系統層次架構圖[37] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
圖3.2 FlexRay ECU 節點示意圖. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

圖3.3 具危障偵測之匯流排驅動控制器架構圖. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
圖3.4 狀態轉換之轉換圖[7] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
圖3.5 錯誤偵測至錯誤排除流程圖. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
圖3.6 WAKE 腳位訊號運作時間狀態圖. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
圖3.7 封包格式偵測之運作時間狀態圖. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
圖3.8 匯流排錯誤偵測器電路架構圖. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
圖3.9 低準位電壓偵測器架構圖. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
圖3.10 穩壓器電路架構圖. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
圖3.11 過溫度偵測電路架構圖. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
圖3.12 電壓差分放大器電路架構圖. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
圖3.13 低準位電壓電路對VBAT 模擬圖. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
圖3.14 低準位電壓電路對VCC 模擬圖. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
圖3.15 BP 短路時之接收端錯誤偵測器模擬圖. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
圖3.16 BM 短路時之接收端錯誤偵測器模擬圖. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
圖3.17 過溫度偵測電路類比端模擬圖. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
圖3.18 匯流排錯誤偵測電路模擬圖. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
圖3.19 低準位電壓與區域喚醒電路模擬圖. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
圖3.20 低準位電壓與遠程喚醒電路模擬圖. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
圖3.21 過溫度偵測數位端模擬圖. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

圖3.22 匯流排驅動控制器模擬圖. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
圖3.23 具危障偵測之匯流排驅動控制器類比部分晶片佈局圖. . . . . . 60
圖4.1 未來過壓偵測架構示意圖. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
圖4.2 未來溫度感測器架構示意圖. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
圖4.3 未來系統整合圖。. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
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