當今世界第二大經濟體的中國，是在1978年改革開放政策之後，在國民生產毛額與國內發展取得巨大成長。已開發國家的多國企業因為中國提供較低的生產成本，而開始在中國投資生產設備與硬體建設。透過使其市場更加自由化的過程，中國也簽署了許多國際自由貿易協定，使其經濟與已開發國家更加密切。近年來，這股資金與投資注入中國的趨勢已轉移，且現在是中國開始對非洲、拉丁美洲與東南亞的開發中國家建立強大的資助系統與對外直接投資。雖然中國投資這些地區的動機有各種背景原因，本文將深入分析伴隨此發展而不斷增加的中國軟實力（soft power）。經比較中國與美國在開發中國家的經濟援助做法，可發現國際政治場域中可能發生的權力轉移。本文的發現對觀察近期的國際關係發展很重要，因為中國是唯一有足夠經濟實力和可能有足夠政治實力以挑戰美國為主的單極體系的國家。

China, the currently second largest world economy, experienced enormous GDP growth rates and domestic development since it introduced its open-door policy in 1978. Multinational companies from developed countries started investing into facilities and infrastructure in China because of lower production costs. Through further liberalization of its markets, China also got engaged into several international Free Trade Agreements which brought its economy closer to those of developed nations. In recent years, this trend of inward investments and financial flows into China shifted and now it is China starting to build a powerful system of assisting funding and outward foreign direct investment to developing countries mainly located in Africa, Latin America and Southeast Asia. Although its motivations to invest in those regions are of different background, the increasing Chinese soft power which comes along with this development is to be further examined in this thesis. With the help of comparisons between China’s and the United States’ economic assistance in developing nations, possible power transitions in the international political arena should be identified. The gained insights are of major interest for the near-future development of international relations, because China is considered to be the only country which has enough economic power, and therefore enough possible political power, to challenge the United States’ unipolar moment.

Table of Content
1. Introduction ……………………..………………………………………...…………1
1.1 Research Purposes ……………………………………...…………...…..…….1
1.2 Literature Review ……………………………………..……………..………..3
1.3 Research Approach and Methods …………………………………...…...……9
1.4 Structure of the Thesis ………………………………..………………...……11
2. Economic Globalization and Power Shifts ……………………...………….……..13
2.1 Economic Globalization and its History …...………………..…………..….13
2.2 Economic, Political and Social Effects caused through Globalization ......…17
2.2.1 Positive Effects ……...……………………………………….………18
2.2.2 Negative Effects ………………………..……………………………19
2.3 Power Shifts in Latest History …..……….. ……….……………………….. 22
3. China Displacing the United States as the World’s Leading Economy? A
Comparison of Economic Indicators ………………………………..….…………25
3.1 Gross Domestic Product ……………………………………………...……...25
3.2 Free Trade Agreements ………………………………………..…………….31
3.3 Foreign Direct Investment ………………………..…………………...……..36
3.3.1 Inward FDI ………………………………………..…………………36
3.3.2 Outward FDI ………………………………………………...……….39
3.4 Assisting Funding ...…………………………………………………...……..42
3.5 Economic Interdependence ………………………………………..…...........47
4. Limitations for China’s Growth ………………………………………......……... 52
4.1 Economic and Environmental Limitations ……………………………...…..52
4.1.1 Rising Production Costs and Innovation Capacity ……………...…..53
4.1.2 Environmental Pollution ………………………………………...…...55
4.2 Political and Societal Limitations ………………………………..…………. 56
4.2.1 Urbanization and Migration ……………………………….……..….57
4.2.2 Uneven Distribution of the Education, Health Care and Pension
System between Provinces ……………………………………………….…………59
4.2.3 Corruption ……………………………………………..…………….61
5. Conclusion …………………………………………………………...……………...63

Alvstam, Claes G.; Ström, Patrik; Yoshino, Naoyuki, 2009/8. “On the economic interdependence between China and Japan: Challenges and possibilities,” Asia Pacific Viewpoint, Vol.50, No.2, pp.198-214.

Babones, Salvatore, 2011/9-10. “The Middling Kingdom – The Hype and the Reality of China’s Rise,” Foreign Affairs, Vol. 90, No. 5, pp. 79-88.

Balasubramaniam, Arunnan; Puah, Chin-Hong; Mansor, Shazali Abu, 2012. “Economic Interdependence: Evidence from China and ASEAN-5 Countries,” Modern Economy, No.3, pp.122-125.

Bisley, Nick, 2007. Rethinking Globalization. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

Bloomberg News, 2010/9/17. ”China is Set to Lose 2% of GDP Cleaning Up Decades of Pollution,” Bloomberg News, http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-09-16/china-set-to-lose-2-of-gdp-fighting-pollution-as-doing-nothing-costs-more.html .

Bloomberg News, 2012/8/30. ”China Health-Care Spending May Hit $1 Trillion by 2020,” Bloomberg News, http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-08-29/china-health-care-spending-may-hit-1-trillion-by-2020.html .

Bräutigam, Deborah, 2011/7. “Aid ‘With Chinese Charactersitics’: Chinese Foreign Aid and Development Finance meet the OECD-DAC Aid Regime,” Journal of International Development, Vol.23, Iss.5, pp.752-764.

Brennan, Teresa, 2003. Globalization and its Terrors. London: Routledge.

Bureau of Foreign Trade, Ministry of Economic Affairs, Taiwan, 2013/06/20, “MOEA Posts English Translation of ECFA on Internet,” http://www.trade.gov.tw/English/Pages/detail.aspx?nodeID=90&pid=320151.

Chen, John-ren; Hule, Richard; Stocker, Herbert, 1998. “Introduction,” in J. Chen, eds., Economic Effects of Globalization. Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing Ltd., pp. 1-7.
China FTA Network, 2013/05/22, “China’s Free Trade Agreements,” http://fta.mofcom.gov.cn/english/fta_qianshu.shtml .

Copeland, Dale C., 1996/Spring. “Economic Interdependence and War: A Theory of Trade Expectations,” International Security, Vol.20, No.4, pp.5-41.

Daly, Herman E., 1999. “Globalization versus internationalization – some implications,” Ecological Economics, Issue 31, pp. 31-37.

Dillon, Michael, 2009. Contemporary China – An Introduction. New York: Routledge.

Dutt, Amitava Krishna, 1998. “Globalization, Foreign Direct Investment and Southern Growth: Evidence from Selected Asian Countries,” in J. Chen, eds., Economic Effects of Globalization. Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing Ltd., pp. 45-96.

Encyclopedia Britannica, 2013/04/07, “gross domestic product (GDP),” http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/246647/gross-domestic-product-GDP .

Encyclopedia Britannica, 2013/04/07. “Meiji Restoration,” http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/373305/Meiji-Restoration .

Galbraith, James K.; Lu, Jiaqing, 2000. Sustainable Development and the Open Door Policy in China. New York: Council on Foreign Relations.

Geeraerts, Gustaaf, 2011. “China, the EU, and the New Multipolarity,” European Review, Vol.19, No.1, pp.57-67.

Gilpin, Robert, 1987. The Political Economy of International Relations. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.

Google, 2013/04/05. “Globalization,” https://www.google.com/search?q=globalization&ie=utf-8&oe=utf-8&aq=t&rls=org.mozilla:de:official&client=firefox-a .

Han, Ai Guo, 2008. “Building a Harmonious Society and Achieving Individual Harmony,” Journal of Chinese Political Science, Vol.13, No.2, pp.143-164.

Hofmann, Katharina, 2006/11. “Challenges for International Development Cooperation: The case of China,” Dialogue on Globalization, No. 15, Friedrich Ebert Stiftung Berlin, pp. 1-10.

Huang, Yasheng, 1998. FDI in China – An Asian Perspective. Hong Kong: The Chinese University Press.

Huntington, Samuel P., 1996. The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order. New York: Touchstone.

Ikenberry, G. John, 2008/1-2. “The Rise of China and the Future of the West – Can the Liberal System Survive?,” Foreign Affairs, Vol. 87, No. 1, pp. 23-37.

Jones, Steve, 2013/04/06. “What is Globalization?,“ US Foreign Policy, http://usforeignpolicy.about.com/od/introtoforeignpolicy/a/What-Is-Globalization.htm .

Kawai, Masahiro; Wignaraja, Ganeshan, 2010/06. “Free Trade Agreements in East Asia: A Way toward Trade Liberalization?,” ADB Briefs, Asian Development Bank, No.1, pp.1-7.

Kim, Soyoung; Lee, Jong-Wha; Park, Cyn-Young, 2009/6. “Emerging Asia: Decoupling or Recoupling,” ADB Working Paper Series on Regional Economic Integration, Asian Development Bank, No.31.

LeBeau, Philip, 2013/04/18. “New study finds China manufacturing costs rising to US level,” Global Post, http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/business/130418/china-manufacturing-costs-rising

Lee, Dong Sun, 2008. Power Shifts, Strategy and War – Declining States and International Conflict. New York: Routledge.

Levy, Philip I., 1997/09. “A Political-Economic Analysis of Free-Trade Agreements,” The American Economic Review, Vol.87, No.4, pp.506-519.

Lindert, Peter H.; Williamson, Jeffrey G., 2003. “Does Globalization Make the World More Unequal?,“ in M. Bordo & A. Taylor & J. Williamson, eds., Globalization in Historical Perspective. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp. 227-275.

Lo, Chang-Fa, 2010. WTO-Plus in Free Trade Agreements. Taipei: Angle Publishing Con, Ltd..

Lu, Ding; Wen, Guangzhong James; Zhou, Huizhong 2003. “Introduction,” in D. Lu & G. J. Wen & H. Zhou , eds., China’s Economic Globalization Through the WTO. Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing Ltd., pp.1-4.

Lum, Thomas, 2009/11. “China’s Assistance and Government-Sponsored Investment Activities in Africa, Latin America, and Southeast Asia,” Congressional Research Service, Washington, United States.

Mu, Rongping; Fan, Yonggang, 2011/11. “Framework for building national innovation capacity in China,” Journal of Chinese Economic and Business Studies, Vol.9, No.4, pp. 317-327.

OECD.StatExtracts, 2013/04/15, “Dataset: Foreign Direct Investment FDI flows by partner country,” http://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DatasetCode=FDI_FLOW_PARTNER.

Organski, A.F.K.; Kugler, Jacek, 1980. The War Ledger. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.

Paganetto, Luigi, 1992. “International Economic Interdependence and Trade Balances: Introductory Notes,” in M. Baldassarri, L. Paganetto, E.S. Phelps, eds., International Economic Interdependence, Patterns of Trade Balances and Economic Policy Coordination. New York: St. Martin’s Press, pp.117-129.

Palmerio, Giovanni, 1992. “International Economic Interdependence and World Income Distribution,” in M. Baldassarri, L. Paganetto, E.S. Phelps, eds., International Economic Interdependence, Patterns of Trade Balances and Economic Policy Coordination. New York: St. Martin’s Press, pp.301-307.

Perkins, Dwight H., 2001. “Industrial and Financial Policy in China and Vietnam: A New Model or a Replay of the East Asian Experience?,” in J. Stiglitz & S. Yususf, eds., Rethinking the East Asian Miracle. Washington, DC: World Bank Publications, pp. 247-294.

Rugman, Alan M.; Doh, Jonathan P., 2008. Multinationals and development. New Haven: Yale University Press.

Shohan, Amir; Rosenboim, Mosi, 2009. “China’s New Approach to ODI in Africa: A Model for a Government Seeking Natural Resources,” in I. Alon; J. Chang; M. Fetscherin; C. Lattemann; J.R. McIntyre, eds., China Rules – Globalization and Political Transformation. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, pp.135-165.

Sirkin, Harold L.; Zinser, Michael; Hohner, Douglas, 2011/8. “Made in America, Again – Why Manufacturing Will Return to the U.S.,” The Boston Consulting Group.

Source: UNCTADStat, United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, 2013/04/15, “Inward and outward foreign direct investment stock, annual, 1980 – 2011,” http://unctadstat.unctad.org/TableViewer/tableView.aspx.

Stiglitz, Joseph E., 2001. “From Miracle to Crisis to Recovery: Lessons from Four Decades of East Asian Experience,” in J. Stiglitz & S. Yususf, eds., Rethinking the East Asian Miracle. Washington, DC: World Bank Publications, pp. 509-525.

Tammen, Ronald L., 2000. Power Transitions: Strategies for the 21st Century. New York: Chatham House Publishers.

Tammen, Ronald L.; Kugler, Jacek, 2006. “ Power Transition and China-US Conflicts,” The Chinese Journal of International Politics, Vol. 1, Issue 1, pp. 35-55.

Ter-Minassian, Teresa; Fedelino, Annalisa, 2008. “Fiscal Policy and Reforms: Toward Realizing a Harmonious Society,” in J. Lou & S. Wang, eds., Public Finance in China – Reform and Growth for a Harmonious Society. Washington D.C.: The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/ The World Bank, pp.53-74.

The Economist, 2012/3/10. ”The end of cheap China – What do soaring Chinese wages mean for global manufacturing?,” The Economist, http://www.economist.com/node/21549956.

The World Bank, 2013/04/04. “China Overview,” http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/china/overview.

The World Bank, 2013/05/22, “Data – China,” http://data.worldbank.org/country/china.

The World Bank, 2013/05/22, “Data - United States,” http://data.worldbank.org/country/united-states .

Transparency International, 2006. Corruption Perceptions Index 2006. Berlin: Transparency International, http://archive.transparency.org/policy_research/surveys_indices/cpi/2006 .

Transparency International, 2012. Corruption Perceptions Index 2012. Berlin: Transparency International, http://cpi.transparency.org/cpi2012/results/ .

U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis, 2009, “Concepts and Methods of the U.S. National Income and Product Accounts,” Chapters 1-5.

Voss, Hinrich; Buckley, Peter J.; Cross, Adam R., 2009. “An Assessment of the Effects of Institutional Change on Chinese Outward Direct Investment Activity,” in I. Alon; J. Chang; M. Fetscherin; C. Lattemann; J.R. McIntyre, eds., China Rules – Globalization and Political Transformation. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, pp.135-165.

Wolf, Martin, 2004. “Globalization and Global Economic Governance,” Oxford Review of Economic Policy, Vol. 20, No. 1, pp. 72-84.

Wong, Edward, 2013/04/01. “Air Pollution Linked to 1.2 Million Premature Deaths in China,”The New York Times, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/02/world/asia/air-pollution-linked-to-1-2-million-deaths-in-china.html?_r=0