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博碩士論文 etd-0616118-130049 詳細資訊
Title page for etd-0616118-130049
論文名稱
Title
奧地利小國外交政策研究-對台灣之啟示
The Small State Foreign Policy of Austria - an Inspiration of Taiwan (R. O. C.)
系所名稱
Department
畢業學年期
Year, semester
語文別
Language
學位類別
Degree
頁數
Number of pages
143
研究生
Author
指導教授
Advisor
召集委員
Convenor
口試委員
Advisory Committee
口試日期
Date of Exam
2018-06-22
繳交日期
Date of Submission
2018-07-16
關鍵字
Keywords
奧地利、小國外交、台灣、兩岸關係、中立
Cross-Strait Relations, Austria, Small States, Taiwan, Foreign Policy
統計
Statistics
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中文摘要
外交政策對小國而言尤其重要,不僅為增進國家利益的利器,外交政策的成敗也對國家安全有決定性的影響,特別是冷戰期間夾處於兩大陣營之間的奧地利,在嚴峻的兩極化國際體系中,需要更多外交手段拓展國際空間。二戰後的雅爾達會議決議奧地利將由四強分區佔領,使國家主權受制於列強。1955年5月15日,蘇聯,英國,美國和法國政府的代表簽署了一項授予奧地利獨立的條約,並安排所有佔領軍撤離。這些政府簽署了該協議,但有一項諒解,即新獨立的奧地利國家將宣布其中立,在東西方之間建立一個緩衝區。在中立的宣佈後,由於地緣上處於冷戰前線、加上憲法的限武條款,使國家安全面臨挑戰,奧國進而發展出獨特的積極中立,以積極的外交政策維護國家安全。冷戰時期奧地利一直以積極彈性的外交手段保障國家利益,積極參與國際事務,展現中立國之角色與功能,提供自身在國際爭端中的調停功能,使國際社會重視其中立地位、獲得國際肯定,進而藉此維持其中立地位、保障國家安全。
針對在外交上屢屢受中國大陸打壓的台灣,則在第四章中分析我國對外政策之可能選項。我國自一九四九年兩岸分裂分治以來,受制於冷戰時期國際權力結構所影響,其中美國作為主要霸權,其態度直接影響兩岸關係的發展。我國退出聯合國後邦交國數量急遽減少,對我國外交處境之影響延續至今。而一九七九年的中美建交也很大程度影響了台灣在國際間、兩岸間之地位。從奧地利的例子中可發現,雖然同為小國,且地緣上夾處大國之間,但中立之選擇於我國並不適用,惟奧國在國際上的積極作為可供我國作為借鏡。
Abstract
Foreign policy is extremely important for small countries, not only because foreign policy is a weapon to enhance national interests, but its success or failure also has a decisive influence on national security. In particular, Austria, which is sandwiched between the two camps during the Cold War, needs more diplomatic means to expand international space in a severely polarized international system. The Yalta Conference after the Second World War resolved that Austria will be divided into four occupation zones, and the national sovereignty will be subject to the powers. The Allied occupation of Austria lasted from 1945 to 1955. The Austrian State Treaty was signed in May 15, 1955, representatives of the governments of the Soviet Union, Great Britain, the United States, and France signed the treaty which granted Austria independence and arranged for the withdrawal of all occupation forces. These governments signed the agreement with the understanding that the newly independent state of Austria would declare its neutrality, creating a buffer zone between the East and the West. Due to the geopolitical frontline and the constitutional restrictions on the military, the national security is facing challenges after the announcement of neutrality. The Austrian country has developed a unique positive neutrality and maintained national security with a proactive foreign policy. During the Cold War, Austria has always used positive and flexible diplomatic means to keep national interests, actively participate in international affairs, demonstrate the role and function of a neutral country, provide its own mediation function in international disputes, thereby enabling the international community to pay attention to its neutrality and gain recognition. This maintains its neutral status and guarantee for the assurance of national security.
In view of Taiwan, which has been repeatedly suppressed by the mainland China in diplomacy, it analyzes the possible options for Taiwan's foreign policy in Chapter 4. Since the division of the two sides of the strait in 1949, Taiwan is subject to the influence of the international power structure during the Cold War, which the United States as the main hegemony, its attitude directly affect the development of cross-strait relations. After withdrawing from the United Nations, the number of diplomatic relations has been drastically reduced, and the impact on Taiwan’s diplomatic situation has continued to this day. On January 1, 1979, the United States changed its diplomatic recognition of China from Taipei to Beijing, which has a considerable impact on Taiwan’s position in international and in cross-strait relations. As can be seen from the Austrian example, although Taiwan and Austria are both small countries and geopolitically sandwiched between big countries, but neutrality is not applicable to Taiwan. However, the active role of Austria in the international community can be used as a model for Taiwan.
目次 Table of Contents
目 錄
中文摘要……………………………………………………………………………i
英文摘要……………………………………………………………………………ii
圖目次………………………………………………………………………………vi
表目次………………………………………………………………………………vii
第一章 緒論……………………………………………………………………1
第一節 研究動機與目的……………………………………………………1
第二節 文獻探討……………………………………………………………7
第三節 研究途徑與方法……………………………………………………9
第四節 研究範圍與限制…………………………………………………10
第五節 研究架構與章節安排……………………………………………11
第二章 奧地利歷史發展與中立………………………………………………13
第一節 奧地利之歷史發展………………………………………………13
壹、 奧匈帝國的瓦解…………………………………………………13
貳、 奧地利共和國……………………………………………………29
參、 冷戰時期中立地位之形成………………………………………30
第二節 奧地利中立之發展………………………………………………37
壹、 中立地位之維護…………………………………………………37
貳、 冷戰時期國際體系………………………………………………39
參、 後冷戰時期國際新局勢…………………………………………42
肆、 後冷戰時期新安全問題…………………………………………45
伍、 歐洲統合運動與奧地利國內態度轉變…………………………49
第三節 小結………………………………………………………………56
第三章 奧地利外交政策………………………………………………………57
第一節 奧地利之中立政策………………………………………………59
第二節 冷戰時期奧地利外交政策………………………………………67
壹、 1980年代以前之統合政策………………………………………68
貳、 1980年代以後之統合政策………………………………………71
參、 冷戰期間奧地利作為中立國之角色與功能……………………72
第三節 後冷戰國際新局勢對奧地利外交政策之影響…………………80
壹、 中立對奧地利對外政策之影響…………………………………81
貳、 中立的新意義…………………………………………………82
參、 中立國的新角色…………………………………………………84
第四節 加入歐洲聯盟……………………………………………………86
壹、 奧地利加入歐洲聯盟……………………………………………86
貳、 歐盟對中立國加入的看法………………………………………89
第五節 奧地利對外政策的改變…………………………………………93
壹、 外交政策…………………………………………………………93
貳、 統合政策…………………………………………………………94
第六節 小節………………………………………………………………96
第四章 台灣戰後背景與對外政策……………………………………………97
第一節 戰後國際環境……………………………………………………97
壹、 一九四九到一九七二年…………………………………………97
貳、 一九七二到一九八二年美國之立場……………………………103
參、 冷戰後美國與兩岸之關係………………………………………105
第二節 我國之大陸政策………………………………………………108
第三節 我國對外政策之可能選項………………………………………118
壹、 現狀下之困境……………………………………………………118
貳、 對外政策之可能選項…………………………………………120
第五章 結論……………………………………………………………………122
參考文獻…………………………………………………………………………126

圖目次

圖1 台灣民眾統獨立場趨勢分布………………………………………………4
圖2 本文的研究架構圖…………………………………………………………12
圖3 一九一零年奧匈帝國境內民族分布………………………………………14
圖4 第一次世界大戰前的巴爾幹半島…………………………………………28
圖5 哈布斯堡王朝的解體………………………………………………………29

表目次

表1 2008至2011年兩岸簽屬之協議與備忘錄………………………………116
表2 2016年中國大陸赴台旅客………………………………………………119
表3 聯合國功能性組織及其會員資格………………………………………125
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