在本論文中，我們報導了第一個共價苯並惡嗪骨架（CBF-1）製成新的雙孔和單孔共價有機骨架應用於CO2吸收和超級電容器中。首先，三官能氨基苯基三嗪（TAPT）、三官能羥基苯基三嗪（THPT）和多聚甲醛產生曼尼希反應，再藉由溶劑熱法製成共價苯並惡嗪骨架（CBF-1）。新的CBF-1經歷熱交聯固化後產生高度交聯的CBF（CCBF-1），碳化後進行KOH活化，使其轉化為氮摻雜的微孔碳（N-DMC）。經熱固化、碳化和活化後的CBF-1明顯的提高了熱性質和BET表面積。有趣的是，N-DMC表現出球形形態，具有優異的熱穩定性（高達Td5為663ºC，焦炭產率為85％），高BET表面積（高達1469 m2 g-1），孔徑為2.07 nm 。從CBF-1到CCBF-1再到N-DMC的熱轉化直接增強了CO2捕獲和電化學電容。 N-DMC分別在298和273 K時顯示出優異的CO2捕獲能力，分別為3.85和7.46 mmol / g。此外，N-DMC在電流密度為1.0 Ag-1時顯示出185 Fg-1的高電化學電容，並且在4000次循環後在20 Ag-1下具有優異的86％平均保留穩定性能。
此外，我們報告了一種方法，來研究超分子相互作用對2D COF拓撲調節的影響，作為管理其性質的新技術。我們是通過引入原始和取代的二胺單體來實現:聯苯胺（BD）和1,4-二羥基聯苯胺（DHBD）進入雙咔唑單體的骨架中。使用[C2 + C2]拓撲圖設計新的具有1D開放微孔的微孔二咔唑COF（Cz-BD和Cz-DHBD），藉由希夫鹼縮合反應成功合成四甲酰基-二咔唑作為C2節和C2鏈接基的二胺芳香族， 得到的COF具有兩種不同的拓撲結構，Cz-BD具有四孔結構的單孔，而Cz-DHBD具有帶有兩種不同孔的kagome結構;一個是六邊形，另一個是三角形。這些COF具有高結晶度，水溶性和有機溶劑穩定性，大表面積和高孔隙率，具有開放的一維（1D）微孔通道和密集排列的π-陣列結晶層。這些COF表現出協同的結構效應並實現了超高性能的CO2吸收。

In this thesis, we report the first covalent benzoxazine framework (CBF-1) in addition to new dual-pore and single-pore Covalent organic frameworks and their application for CO2 uptake and supercapacitor. First, Covalent benzoxazine framework (CBF-1) was synthesized via a solvothermal method using trifunctional aminophenyl triazine (TAPT), and trifunctional hydroxyphenyl triazine (THPT) paraformaldehyde through Mannich condensation reaction. This new CBF-1 underwent thermal cross-linked curing to generate a highly cross-linked CBF (CCBF-1), which, with carbonization followed by KOH activation, was converted into nitrogen-doped microporous carbon (N-DMC). The thermal curing, carbonization, and activation for CBF-1 have dramatically enhanced the thermal properties and BET surface area. Interestingly, the formed N-DMC exhibited a spherical morphology with excellent thermal stability (up to Td5 of 663 ºC and char yield of 85%), high BET surface areas (up to 1469 m2 g-1), and pore size of 2.07 nm. The thermal transformation from CBF-1 to CCBF-1, then to N-DMC directly enhanced the CO2 capture and electrochemical capacitance. N-DMC showed excellent CO2 capture capacities of 3.85 and 7.46 mmol/g at 298 and 273 K, respectively. Moreover, N-DMC showed high electrochemical capacitance of 185 Fg-1 at current density 1.0 Ag-1, and excellent stability performance of 86% average retention at 20 Ag-1 after 4000 cycles.
In addition, we report a conceptual strategy to study the effect of supramolecular interactions on the topological regulating of 2D COFs as a new technique to manage their properties. Our strategy was achieved by introducing pristine and substituted diamines monomers; Benzidine (BD) and 1,4-dihydroxybenzidine (DHBD) into the skeleton of bicarbazole monomer. The newly designed microporous bicarbazole COFs (Cz-BD and Cz-DHBD) with 1D open micropores were designed using a [C2 + C2] topology diagram and successfully synthesized via a Schiff-base condensation reaction of tetraformyl-bicarbazole as C2 knot and aromatic diamines as C2 linker. The resulting COFs have two different topologies, Cz-BD bears a single-pore with tetragonal structure, while Cz-DHBD has a kagome structure bearing two different kinds of pores; one is hexagonal and the other is triangular. These COFs feature high crystallinity, aqueous and organic and solvents stability, large surface area and high porosity with open one-dimensional (1D) microporous channels and densely aligned π-arrays of crystalline sheets. These COFs exhibited synergistic structural effects and achieved ultrahigh-performance of CO2 uptake.

Table of Contents
Thesis Verification Letter ………………………………...………………..……..…….……i
抽象 Abstract (in Chinese) …………..………………..……….……………….…………...ii
Abstract (in English)……..…………………………………………….….………….….….iii
Table of Contents…………………………………..………………….….………….…..…..v
Scheme Captions……………………………………………………………………….....…ix
Table Captions……...………………………………………………………….….………....x
Figure Captions……………………………………………………………..…….……...….xi
Chapter 1: Introduction ………………………………………………...………………..… 1
1.1 Covalent Organic Framework …………………………………………......……….……. 1
1.2 Topological Design of Frameworks ………………………………...…..…………….......2
1.3 Classification of COFs …………………………………………………...………...……. 3
1.3.1 Boron-containing COFs………………………………………..……………… 3
1.3.2 Triazine-based COFs (CTFs) ……………………………...………...…………5
1.3.3 Imide-linked COFs……………………………………..…………...……….... 8
1.3.4 Imine-linked COFs…………………………………….…………..…..……...10
1.4 Schiff-Base Chemistry………………………………………..…………………..……...11
1.4.1 Formation process………………………………….………………..………..11
1.4.2 Effect of Hydrogen bonding………………………….…………...…………..11
1.4.3 Regulating the size and shape of pores in 2D-COFs………..………….……..14
1.5 References………………………………………………………………………………..16
Chapter 2: Covalent Benzoxazine Framework Based on Triazine Unit and Its Conversion to N-doped Microporous Carbon for CO2 Uptake and Supercapacitor……………………………………………………………………….….…..21
Abstract …………………………………………………………………………….………..22
2.1 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………..…..23
2.2 Results and Discussion…………………………………...………………………………27
2.2.1 Structure Identification……………………………………………….…………27
2.2.2 Thermal behavior of CBF-1 ……………………………………...…...……...…30
2.2.3 Thermal Stability analysis……………………………………..………....………31
2.2.4 Nitrogen Adsorption Studies…………………………………..………....………34
2.2.5 Raman Spectroscopy…………………………...…………..…...….………….…35
2.2.6 Wide angle X-ray diffraction………………..……………..……….………..…..36
2.2.7 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) ………………...…………………...…38
2.2.8 Electron Microscopy Imaging………..……...…………………………………..41
2.2.9 CO2 Capture ………………..……………………………………….………..…42
2.2.10 Electrochemical performance analysis………………..……………………..…45
2.3 Conclusions………………...………………..…………………...………………………51
2.4 Experimental section……...………………..…………………...………………..………51
2.4.1 Materials………………………………………………………………………….51
2.4.2 Characterization…………………………….…………………………………….51
2.4.3 Electrochemical analysis…………………...…………………………………….52
2.4.4 Synthetic Procedures………………………………………………………..…..53
2.4.4.1 Synthesis of 1,3,5-tris-(4-aminophenyl)triazine (TAPT)……………..…53
2.4.4.2 Synthesis of 2,4,6-tris(4-hydroxyphenyl)triazine (THPT)……..….....….54
2.4.4.3 Synthesis of covalent benzoxazine framework (CBF-1). ……..…......….55
2.4.4.4 Synthesis of cross-linked covalent benzoxazine framework (CBTF-1)..56
2.4.4.5 Synthesis of N-doped microporous carbon (N-DMC)…………..………57
2.5 References……………………………………………………………………………..…58
Chapter 3: Bicarbazole-Based Single and Dual-Pores Covalent Organic Framework for Carbon Dioxide Uptake…..……………………………………………………..………….72
Abstract ………………………………………………………………………….....………..73
3.1 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………..…..75
3.2 Results and Discussion…………………………………...………………………………77
3.2.1 Monomers structures confirmation …………………………………...………77
3.2.2 Elemental and Thermogravimetric analyses………………………...…....……78
3.2.3 Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) measurements…………………......………83
3.2.4 Modelling and Simulation ……………….………………………….....………85
3.2.5 Nitrogen Adsorption-Desorption……………………………..………..…….…89
3.2.6 CO2 Capture ………………..………………………………….....……….……91
2.3 Conclusions………………...………………..…………………...………………………92
2.4 Experimental section……………………………………………………………..……..93
3.4.1 Materials ………………………………………………….………….……...….93
3.4.2 Characterization………………………….…………………………….…….….93
3.4.3 Synthetic Procedures………………………………………………….….....…..94
3.4.3.1 Synthesis of 3,6-dibromocarbazole (Cz-2Br))………………….…….…94
3.4.3.2 Synthesis of 3,3’6,6’-tetrabromo-9,9'-bicarbazole (Cz-4Br)…...…....….95
3.4.3.3 Synthesis of 3,3’,6,6’-tetraformyl-9,9’-bicarbazole (Cz-4CHO)….....….95
3.4.3.4 Synthesis of Cz-BD…………………………………………….….…….96
3.4.3.5 Synthesis of Cz-DHBD …………………………………………………97
3.4.4 Structure Identification and analysis of monomers…………………….……….97
3.4.4.1 3,6-dibromocarbazole (Cz-2Br)………………………………..……….97
3.4.4.2 3,3’6,6’-tetrabromo-9,9'-bicarbazole (Cz-4Br)……………………..…..99
3.4.4.3 3,3’,6,6’-tetraformyl-9,9’-biarbazole (Cz-4CHO)…………..……..….100
3.4.4.4 Benzidine (BD) …………………………………………………...…..102
3.4.4.5 1,4-dihydroxybenzidine (DHBD)………………………………….…..104
3.5 References……………………………………..…………………………..…...…..…107
Chapter 4: Conclusions………………………………………………………...………….111

Chapter I
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Chapter II

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Chapter III

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7. Yan, S.; Guan, X.; Li, H.; Li, D.; Xue, M.; Yan, Y.; Valtchev, V.; Qiu, S.; Fang, Q. Three-Dimensional Salphen-Based Covalent–Organic Frameworks as Catalytic Antioxidants. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2019, 141, 2920–2924.
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