一、鉑奈米粒子作為仿生氧化酶與過氧化酶應用於偵測肝素在本篇研究中， 利用一鍋合成的方法合成鉑奈米粒子，其尺寸約為6±1 nm，將鉑奈米粒子利用氧氣作為介質來催化2,2-聯氮-二(3-乙基-苯並噻唑-6-磺酸)二銨鹽 (2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid, ABTS)、3,3’,5,5’-四甲基聯苯胺 (3,3',5,5'-Tetramethylbenzidine, TMB)和多巴胺(Dopamine)；接著利用TMB作為受質來計算Km及Vmax，其值分別為0.9 mM和0.0042 μM/s，為了證實鉑奈米粒子是藉由氧氣當作介質催化ABTS、TMB、Dopamine，我們使用循環伏安法偵測鉑奈米粒子氧氣還原反應，確實看到明顯氧氣還原之訊號峰，且電流值可達到毫安培，由此可以證實，鉑奈米粒子對於氧氣還原反應具有高催化性，並利用旋轉環盤電極驗證此氧氣還原反應是經過四個電子轉移所造成，在氧氣的環境下具有催化TMB及ABTS及Dopamine的能力，因此推測Citrate-Pt NPs具有氧化酶的特性。接著利用合成之鉑奈米粒子結合魚精蛋白(Protamine)當作探針偵測肝素(Heparin)，先將魚精蛋白與鉑奈米粒子反應後再加入肝素，由於肝素會與吸附在鉑奈米粒子上之魚精蛋白結合，使鉑奈米粒子催化TMB能力下降，可利用TMB吸收值下降對肝素作偵測，線性範圍為1~10 nM、偵測極限為0.3 nM，並且此偵測方法可成功地應用在人類血漿樣品中最後，最後，我們在過氧化氫的存在下催化TMB及ABTS及Dopamine，證實了Citrate-Pt NPs具有過氧化酶的特性。
二、探討聚二烯丙基二甲基氯化銨對於4-硝基苯酚催化反應的影響
硝基芳香族化合物被廣泛用於製造藥品、顏料、染劑、塑料、農藥、爆裂物和工業溶劑，然而這些化合物釋放在環境中具高危險性，並對人類、動物及植物具有潛在的毒性，由於4-硝基苯酚(4-Nitrophenol)在環境中很穩定且不容易被生物降解，已被美國環境保護局(EPA)列為優先污染物(Priority pollutant)，因此需要開發用於處理水中硝基芳香族化合物的環境清潔技術。本篇研究利用兩種帶相反電荷的聚二烯丙基二甲基氯化銨(Poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride),PDDA)及Citric acid 作為反應試劑，合成出金、鉑、鈀奈米粒子，再結合硼氫化鈉(NaBH4)對4-Nitrophenol進行催化還原反應，形成4-Aminophenol，由TEM圖中可以看到兩種反應試劑所合成出來的奈米粒子尺寸都差不多，且由實驗結果可以看到利用PDDA合成之金、鉑、鈀奈米粒子催化4-硝基苯酚之反應速率常數分別為0.6 min-1、1.8 min-1、3.4 min-1，而利用Citric acid所合成之金、鉑、鈀奈米粒子催化4-硝基苯酚之反應速率 常數分別為0.1 min-1、0.03 min-1、0.6 min-1，由數據可以看出利用PDDA所合成之奈米粒子其催化效果都較Citric acid所合成出來之奈米粒子好，推測聚二烯丙基二甲基氯化銨在這裡扮演拉電子基的角色，可以儲存電子，而金屬奈米粒子會透過分子間電荷傳遞的方式將電子傳遞給表面帶正電的聚二烯丙基二甲基氯化銨，誘使金屬奈米粒子帶正電荷，當加入硼氫化鈉時，由於金屬奈米粒子表面帶正電荷所以較容易吸收帶負電的硼氫化鈉到金屬奈米粒子表面，再加入4-Nitrophenol時，因為4-Nitrophenol在鹼性環境中會形成帶負電的4-Nitrophenolate，而金屬奈米粒子表面上具有帶正電荷的聚二烯丙基二甲基氯化銨，所以較容易將帶負電的4-Nitrophenolate吸收過來，結合這兩個原因使聚二烯丙基二甲基氯化銨所合成之金屬奈米粒子催化4-Nitrophenol還原成4-Aminophenol的速度較快，這樣一來可以將PDDA所合成之奈米粒子用在硝基芳香族化合物的環境清潔技術中。

(a) Platnium Nanoparticles as Oxidase and Peroxidase Mimic and Their
Application in Heparin Sensing
In our first study, the Pt-NPs were synthesized using an one-pot method and were used to catalyze 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS), 3,3',5,5'-Tetramethylbenzidine (TMB), and dopamine under oxygen. The size of Pt- NPs are approximately 6±1 nm. By using TMB as substrate, the Km and Vmax were obtained 0.9 mM and 0.0042 μM/s, respectively. In order to investigative the process of electrons transfer and whether oxygen is the medium for catalytic reaction on Pt-nanoparticles based system, rotating ring disk electrode and cyclic voltammetry were perform. The results prove that under aerobic conditions, Pt-NPs have highly catalytic activity for TMB, ABTS, and dopamine of redox reaction which occur via four electrons transfer. Therefore, we suggest that Citrate-Pt NPs have the properties of oxidase. We further apply Pt-NPs cooperated with potamine as probe to detect Heparin via the decreased absorbance of TMB which is due to absorption of heparin and potamine linking in Pt-NPs, resulting in the decreased catalytic activity of Pt-NPs for TMB. Linear range is between 1 and 10 nM, detection limit is 0.3 nM. This promising method is successfully applied in detecting Heparin in human serum. Finally, we prove that Citrate-Pt NPs have the properties of peroxidase via the catalytic reaction of TMB, ABTS, and dopamine when hydrogen peroxide exist.






(b) Role of Poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) in the Catalytic Reduction
of 4-Nitrophenol by Metal Nanoparticle
Nitroaromatic compounds are widely used in the manufacture of pharmaceuticals、dyes、plasticides、pesticides and explsives, they are dangerous and toxicity for environment. 4-Nitrophenol belong to aromatic nitro-compounds. Due to the stability, 4-Nitrophenol is considered as priority pollutant by EPA. Therefore, it is necessary to develop technology for 4-Nitrophenol in water. In our second study, Au, Pt, Pd NPs were synthesized using PDDA or citric acid. According to the TEM, the size of nanoparticles synthesized by PDDA or citric acid are almost the same. Further, these nanoparticles cooperated with NaBH4 to reduce 4-Nitrophenol and generate 4-Aminophenol. The results reveal that the reaction rates of Au、Pt、Pd NPs synthesized by PDDA were 0.6 min-1、1.8 min-1、3.4 min-1, respectively. Comparatively, the reaction rates of Au、Pt、Pd NPs synthesized by citric acid were 0.1 min-1、0.03 min-1、0.6 min-1, respectively. The catalytic efficiency using Au、Pt、Pd NPs synthesized by PDDA are better than using Au、Pt、Pd NPs synthesized by citric acid. The likely reason is that the positive surface of metal nanoparticles which occurs through electron-transfer processes from metal nanoparticles to PDDA. The positive surface of metal nanoparticles are easier to absorb NaBH4 and 4-Nitrophenolate which is generated by 4-Nitrophenol under alkaline environment. This technology is fast and we can further apply metal nanoparticles synthesized by PDDA for reduction of aromatic nitro-compounds.

論文審定書 i
論文公開授權書 ii
摘要 iii
目錄 vii
圖次 x
表次 xvi
縮寫表 xvii
第一章、 鉑奈米粒子作為仿生氧化酶與過氧化酶應用於偵測肝素 1
一、 前言 1
1-1. 酵素簡介 1
1-2. 氧化酶 1
1-3. 過氧化酶 2
1-4. 仿生酵素 2
1-5. 肝素簡介 8
1-6. 偵測肝素的方法 9
1-7. 研究動機 13
二、 實驗部份 14
2-1. 實驗藥品 14
2-2. 儀器裝置 19
2-3. 樣品配製方法 21
2-4. 實驗過程 22
三、 結果與討論 26
3-1. 鉑奈米粒子作為仿生氧化酶催化受質 26
3-2. 鉑奈米粒子之動力學探討 35
3-3. 鉑奈米粒子催化氧氣還原反應 37
3-4. 鉑奈米粒子應用於自來水中有機染料的降解 39
3-5. 感測肝素機制的建立 40
3-6. 探討不同濃度魚精蛋白對偵測肝素之影響 41
3-7. 利用鉑奈米粒子催化TMB定量肝素 42
3-8. 利用鉑奈米粒子催化TMB定量肝素之選擇性探討 46
3-9. 人類血漿樣品中肝素的定量 49
3-10. 鉑奈米粒子作為仿生過氧化酶催化受質 51
四、 結論 60
第二章、 探討聚二烯丙基二甲基氯化銨對於4-硝基苯酚催化反應的影響 62
一、 前言 62
1-1. 4-Nitrophenol簡介 62
1-2. 催化還原4-Nitrophenol的機制 62
1-3. 利用奈米材料催化還原4-Nitrophenol的例子 64
1-4. 聚二烯丙基二甲基氯化銨的簡介 66
1-5. 聚二烯丙基二甲基氯化銨的應用 66
二、 實驗部份 71
2-1. 實驗藥品 71
2-2. 儀器裝置 71
2-3. 樣品配製方法 73
2-4. 實驗過程 75
三、 結果與討論 77
3-1. 4-Nitrophenol催化機制探討 77
3-2. 利用Citrate-Au NPs及PDDA-Au NPs催化4-Nitrophenol 80
3-3. 利用Citrate-Pt NPs及PDDA-Pt NPs催化4-Nitrophenol 88
3-4. 利用Citrate-Pd NPs及PDDA-Pd NPs催化4-Nitrophenol 96
四、 結論 104
第三章、 參考文獻 105

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