在複雜與動態的環境中，團隊已成為組織成功的關鍵。基於局部性創新與改變(local innovation and change)而造成整體運作結構突現的團隊變革方式，對環境變化的趨勢而言，顯得愈來愈重要，同時也是團隊彈性與適應力的主要來源。然而，這種透過自發性的重組織(自我組織)(self-organization)過程，目前仍是個黑箱，對於變革過程的行為形態(patterns)與內在機制(mechanism)所知非常有限。群體認知系統理論(group cognitive system)雖然揭示了團隊自組織過程的重要行為機制，但是仍缺乏兼顧系統動態行為與作用機制間因果關係的探討，尤其是不同機制間的互動關係、扮演的角色以及結構的破壞與建立的動態過程。由於自組織現象與過程在本質上的共通性，引用自組織經典理論—耗散結構理論(Dissipative Structure Theory)在自組織過程方面的研究，遂成為擴展對團隊自組織行為理解的重要依據。經由群體認知系統理論與耗散結構的共通性探討，及系統動力學(System Dynamics)模式的建立，以電腦模擬的方式來增進對團隊自組織過程的了解。本研究發現在團隊的自組織過程中，結構的破壞與建立，其關鍵在於正回饋環(positive feedback)的運作，一是由局部創新、共享結構與績效差距所形成正回饋環路，另一是建立共享結構的正回饋環路，兩者相互作用主導結構的破壞與建立，而這與耗散結構所指出的系統演化回饋(evolutionary feedback)具有相同的結論。透過對團隊自組織的演化回饋的了解與掌握，還可進一步了解環境因素—團隊知識的重複度(knowledge redundancy)、溝通效率(communication)與互動的開放性(open interactions)等，對自組織機制運作與行為的影響，使管理者同時了解長期性環境要素的建立與維護的重要性。而依據對關鍵機制的了解，管理者也可以進一步定義出形成自組織機制的障礙與系統性的探討架構。

Nowadays, volatile and complex environment has forced most organizations to operate in team-based ways to increase their flexibility and adaptability. For teams to adapt, local innovation and change, that is, self-organization, is the most critical process. However, the self-organizing process is poorly understood both in academic and practice. To deep our understanding of self-organizing teams, this research attempts to explore the self-organizing mechanism in group cognitive system perspective. One System Dynamics model is built to represent important self-organization processes. And the classical self-organizing theory-Dissipative Structure Theory is applied to guide important simulations to acquire knowledge of dynamic interactions among those processes. Several positive loops are found to be quite essential in structuring and de-structuring team’s operation structure. With the knowledge of evolutionary feedback acquired, impact of critical environmental factors, such as knowledge redundancy, communication quality, and open interactions, are further investigated and experimented.

1 緒論……….……………………………………………………………………..1
1.1 研究背景….…………………………………………………………….….1
1.2 研究動機….………………………………………………………….…….3
1.3 研究目的….……………………………………………………...………...7
1.4 研究方法….……………………………………………………..………....8
1.5 研究範圍與限制………………………………………………………….10
1.6 論文架構………………………………………………………………….12
註………………………………………….………..……………………………15

2 文獻回顧………………………………………………………………………18
2.1 團隊行為的結構及其轉變……………………………………………….19
2.2 團隊行為結構的自發性轉變………….…………………..……………..23
2.2.1 局部設計造成的結構改變……….……………………………….....23
2.2.2 任務中點的結構改變………………………………………...……...27
2.2.3 科技適應的結構改變………………………………………………..28
2.2.4 小結………………………………………………………….……….31
2.3 團隊自發性結構轉變的理論模型………………...……………………..31
2.3.1 群體認知系統理論…………………………..………………………32
2.3.2 間斷平衡模型………………………………………………………..35
2.3.3 耗散結構理論………………………………………………..………37
2.3.4 小結…………………………………………………………………..48
2.4 群體認知系統與耗散結構理論………………………………………….50
2.4.1 群體認知系統與耗散結構理論的共通性…………………………..50
2.4.2 團隊自組織理解的擴展……………………………………………..52
2.5 系統動力學與耗散結構理論………………………………...…………..53
2.5.1 耗散結構理論的數學模型………………………………………..…53
2.5.2 系統動力學………………………………………………………..…56
2.5.3 系統動力學與耗散結構理論………………………………………..59
2.5.4 系統動力學模式的有效性檢驗……………………………………..61
2.5.5 模式參數估計的方法………………………………………………..66
2.6 小結……………………………………………………………...………..69

3 團隊的自組織機制……………...……..…………………...……………….71
3.1 模式總覽……………………………………………….…...…………….71
3.2 績效調整過程……………………………………………………...……..72
3.3 協力工作的過程……………………………………………………...…..81
3.4 結構共享的過程…………………………………………...……………..83
3.5 錯誤偵測、回復與學習過程……….…………………………………....88
3.6 人員的變動過程……………………………...…………………………..98
3.7 模式基本有效性檢驗………………………………………...…………105

4 模式模擬與情境……………………………………………………………113
4.1 團隊行為的基本模擬……………………………………………………113
4.1.1 吸收環境擾動的模式行為…………………………………………115
4.1.2 團隊運作結構轉變的模式行為……………………………………119
4.1.3 臨界點的模式行為…………………………………………………126
4.1.4 極端值的模式行為…………………………………………………128
4.1.5 小結…………………………………………………………………131
4.2 情境模擬………………………………………………………………...131
4.2.1 知識分散性的情境模擬……………………………………………132
4.2.2 工作分散性的情境模擬……………………………………………137
4.2.3 過程可觀察性的情境模擬…………………………………………144
4.2.4 小結…………………………………………………………………151
4.3 團隊自組織的障礙……………………………………………………...151
5 結論與後續研究建議……………………………………………………..155
5.1 研究發現與貢獻….…………………………………………………..…155
5.2 管理上的引申應用.……………………………………………………..159
5.3 後續研究建議.…………………………………………………………..160

參考文獻……………...………………………………………………………….162
附錄：模式方程式…………………………………………………………….172

圖、表目錄

圖1-1研究流程圖……………………………………………………………………14
圖2-1傳統設計過程…………………………………………………………………22
圖2-2局部設計的過程………………………………………………………………22
圖2-3LOP的計算結構的變動….…………………………………………………...26
圖2-4結構改變活動-時間圖………………………………………………………..29
圖2-5a六角形Benard細胞………………………………………………………….38
圖2-5b捲筒狀的液體對流狀態…………………………………………………….38
圖2-5c波狀的液體對流狀態………………………………….…………………….38
圖2-6a,b Zhabotinsky化學反應螺旋波紋…………………….…………………….39
圖2-7山貓與野兔的週期性振盪……………………………………………………39
圖2-8 不同初值(1)-(4)的極限環…………………………………………………...40
圖2-9a結構分支圖……………………………………………………………….…41
圖2-9b非對稱的結構分支………………………………………………………….41
圖2-9c對稱的結構分支…………………………………………………………….41
圖2-10開放系統的熵……………………………………………………………….42
圖2-11演化回饋…………………………………………………………………….43
圖2-12結構功能漲落間的關係………………………………………………….…43
表2-1耗散結構重要特性與基本數學形式對照表…………………………………55
圖2-13系統動力學方程系統計算程序……….……………………………………58
表2-2群體認知系統、耗散結構與系統動力學之間的共通性……………………60
圖2-14房屋土地函數……………………………………………………………….68
圖2-15本研究主要理論與方法之關係…………………………………………….70
圖3-1團隊自組織的基本過程及其互動關係總覽………………………………...72
圖3-2績效調整過程………………………………………………………………...73
圖3-3績效壓力下的工作省略過程…………………………………………………76
圖3-4認知負荷調整與創新過程……………………………………………………78
圖3-5協力工作過程…………………………………………………………………82
圖3-6結構共享的過程………………………………………………………………84
圖3-7錯誤避免、偵測與回復過程…………………………………………………89
圖3-8成員的學習與變動過程………………………………………………………99
圖3-9基本測試一(1)……..………………………………………………………...106
圖3-10基本測試一(2).……………………………………………………………..107
圖3-11基本測試一(3)……………………………………………………………...107
圖3-12基本測試一(4)……………………………………………………………...108
圖3-13基本測試二(1)……………………………………………………………...109
圖3-14基本測試二(2)……………………………………………………………...109
圖3-15基本測試二(3)……………………………………………………………...110
圖3-16基本測試二(4)..……………………………………..……………………...110
圖3-17基本測試二(5) ..……………………………………..……………………..111
圖3-18基本測試二(6)..……………………………………..……………………...111
圖4-1環境小幅變動的模擬(1)...………………………………………...………...116
圖4-2環境小幅變動的模擬(2)...………………………………………...………...116
圖4-3環境小幅變動的模擬(3)....………………………………………...………..117
圖4-4環境小幅變動的模擬(4)....………………………………………...………..117
圖4-5因應環境小幅變動的團隊認知機制……………………………………….118
圖4-6結構改變的模式行為(1)…………………………………………………….120
圖4-7結構改變的模式行為(2)…………………………………………………….120
圖4-8結構改變的模式行為(3)…………………………………………………….121
圖4-9結構改變的模式行為(4)…………………………………………………….122
圖4-10結構改變的模式行為(5)…………………………………………………...123
圖4-11結構改變的模式行為(6)…………………………………………………...123
圖4-12結構改變的模式行為(7)…………………………………………………...124
圖4-13團隊自發性結構改變的認知機制…………………………………………125
圖4-14團隊錯誤處理的認知機制…………………………………………….…..126
圖4-15臨界點的模式行為(1)……………………………………………………...127
圖4-16臨界點的模式行為(2)……………………………………………………...127
圖4-17極端值的模式行為(1)……………………………………………………...128
圖4-18極端值的模式行為(2)……………………………………………………...129
圖4-19極端值的模式行為(3)……………………………………………………...129
圖4-20極端值的模式行為(4)……………………………………………………...130
圖4-21極端值的模式行為(5)……………………………………………………...130
圖4-22知識分散性的情境模擬(1)…………………………………………….…..133
圖4-23知識分散性的情境模擬(2)…………………………………………….…..133
圖4-24知識分散性的情境模擬(3)…………………………………………….…..134
圖4-25知識分散性的情境模擬(4)…………………………………………….…..134
圖4-26知識分散性的情境模擬(5)…………………………………………….…..135
圖4-27知識分散性的情境模擬(6)…………………………………………….…..135
圖4-28知識分散性的情境模擬(7)…………………………………………….…..136
圖4-29團隊知識重複主要的影響機制……………………………………….…..137
圖4-30工作分散性的情境模擬(1)…………………………….……………….….139
圖4-31工作分散性的情境模擬(2)…………………………………………….…..140
圖4-32工作分散性的情境模擬(3)…………………………………………….…..140
圖4-33工作分散性的情境模擬(4)…………………………………………….…..141
圖4-34工作分散性的情境模擬(5)…………………………………………….…..141
圖4-35工作分散性的情境模擬(7)…………………………………………….…..142
圖4-36工作分散性的情境模擬(8)…………………………………………….…..142
圖4-37團隊溝通效率主要響的機制(1)……………………………………….…..143
圖4-38團隊溝通效率主要響的機制(2)……………………………………….…..144
圖4-39團隊開放性的情境模擬(1)…………………………………………….…..146
圖4-40團隊開放性的情境模擬(2)…………………………………………….…..146
圖4-41團隊開放性的情境模擬(3)…………………………………………….…..147
圖4-42團隊開放性的情境模擬(4)…………………………………………….…..147
圖4-43團隊開放性的情境模擬(5)…………………………………………….…..148
圖4-44團隊開放性的情境模擬(6)…………………………………………….…..148
圖4-45團隊開放性的情境模擬(7)…………………………………………….…..149
圖4-46團隊開放性主要影響的機制(1)……………………………………….…..150
圖4-47團隊開放性主要影響的機制(2)……………………………………….…..150
圖5-1團隊自組織行為的主導環路圖……………………………………….……157

中文部分

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郭進隆譯，1994，第五項修練(原著：Senge, P.M., 1990, The Fifth Discpline—The Art and Practice of The Learning Organization)，台北，天下化出版。
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齊若蘭譯，1994，複雜(原著：Waldrop, M. M., 1992, Complexity—The Emerging Science at the Edge of Order and Chaos)，台北，天下遠見出版股份有限公司。
齊若蘭譯，1995，團隊出擊(原著：Harrington-Mackin, D., 1994, The Team Building Tool Kit :Tips, Tactics, and Rules for effective Workplace)，台北，天下遠見出版股份有限公司。
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顏澤賢，1993，現代系統理論，台北，遠流出版公司。


英文部分


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