人工濕地(constructed wetland)為一種自然生態淨化工法，目前在許多國家廣泛用於處理各種廢水，但近年氣候變遷極端降雨現象頻率增加，使得自然生態工法受到影響，因此，為探討極端氣候對人工濕地之變遷影響，本研究以曾受過風災破壞之舊鐵橋人工濕地為例，探討在受到氣候變遷後復建完成之濕地(包含A、B兩系統)其水質及水文等各項監測參數之變化情形，比較變遷前後處理效益之差異，同時探討此濕地碳吸存能力對減緩氣候變遷之貢獻。研究結果顯示，變遷後之濕地A、B兩系統的平均流量分別為12,091 CMD及4,703 CMD，變遷後平均水力停留時間分別為6.0天及0.7天，變遷前後B系統之水力停留時間差異大而影響去除成效。在變遷後A系統之去除率，生化需氧量(BOD)為37-87%，化學需氧量(COD)為16-89%，氨氮(NH3-N)為43-72%，總氮(TN)為54-80%，總磷(TP)為24-98%，大腸桿菌群(TC)為0-99%，除了懸浮固體物(SS)外，其餘之去除成效皆優於原有濕地；B系統變遷後去除率，TN為10-68%、TP為50-83%及TC為42-93%恢復至與原有濕地相當之成效，其於之監測項目皆不穩定。以出流機率法(effluent probability method, EPM)評估進出流濃度結果得知，在A系統當BOD在高入流濃度時，濕地系統會有較佳的處理效能，而B系統之進出流曲線在多數呈現交錯得知，目前B系統為不穩定狀況。再由B系統變遷前後之濃度以盒鬚圖(box-plot)觀察可知，出流濃度並無達至變遷前之濃度，由此可知雖然有相當去除成效但整體濃度之分佈上未達至預期。由碳匯(carbon sequestration)調查濕地之碳吸存能力可知，B系統之淨初級生產通量為571 g C/m2/yr，水中總有機碳通量為26 g C/m2/yr，最後推估B系統每年碳吸存能力約為9 (t C/yr)，若將文獻之土壤異營性呼吸通量及甲烷通量作為參數納入探討，推估舊鐵橋人工濕地B系統每年可減少約2.5 (t C/yr)以上之碳量。由以上研究結果，可作為生態工法之人工濕地處理遭受氣候變遷之破壞下，其復建後淨化廢汙水之去除效益以及人工濕地對碳吸存貢獻之重要參考依據。
關鍵字：氣候變遷、碳匯、自然生態工法、出流機率法、濕地碳吸存能力

Constructed wetland (CW) is one of the ecological engineering methods. Currently, using the CW systems to treat a variety of wastewater has been extensively applied in many countries. In this study, the Old Rail Bridge Constructed Wetland was investigated and evaluated its effects on polluted river water quality improvement. Results show that the measured flow rates and hydraulic retention time (HRT) for Systems A and B were 12,091 and 4,703 m3/day, and 6.0 and 0.7 d, respectively. The average removal efficiency for System A ranged from 37-87% for biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), 16-89% for chemical oxygen demand (COD), 43-72% for ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N), 54-80 % for total nitrogen (TN), 24-98% for total phosphorus (TP), and 0-99% for total coliform (TC). Higher removal efficiency for suspended solids (SS), were also observed for System A. The average removal efficiency for System B ranged from 10-68% for total nitrogen (TN), 50-83% for total phosphorus (TP), and 42-93% for total coliform (TC). However, removal efficiencies for other pollutants were unstable. Results from the effluent probability method (EPM) evaluation indicate that the removal efficiency increased with the increase in influent pollutant concentration in System A. Results from the carbon sequestration evaluation show that the wetland carbon sequestration capacity for System B had a net primary production of 571 g C/m2/yr. The average annual total organic carbon (TOC) generation was estimated to be 26 g C/m2/yr for System B. The estimated annual carbon sequestration capacity was about 9 (t C/yr) for system B, which was higher than the estimated annual reduction of approximately 2.5 (t C/yr) from other studies. The experience obtained from this project will be helpful in designing similar wetland systems for water quality improvement and carbon sequestration.

Keyword: the effluent probability method (EPM), carbon sequestration, climate change, ecological engineering method, constructed wetland

謝誌 i
摘要 ii
Abstract iii
目錄 iv
圖目錄 vi
表目錄 viii
第一章 前言 1
1.1 研究緣起 1
1.2 研究目的 1
第二章 文獻回顧 3
2.1 濕地概論 3
2.1.1 濕地的定義 3
2.1.2 濕地的結構 6
2.1.3 濕地水文 6
2.1.4 濕地底泥 8
2.1.5 濕地的類型 9
2.2 人工濕地 10
2.2.1 人工濕地的分類及功能 10
2.2.2 淨化水質機制 13
2.2.3 人工濕地的應用 16
2.3 臺灣近年全球暖化及氣候變遷之影響 19
2.3.1 降雨量分佈 20
2.3.2 暴雨發生現象 20
2.3.3 溫度相關差異 21
2.4 碳匯 23
2.4.1 全球碳收支及濕地之碳吸存能力 23
2.4.2 濕地環境中的碳循環 25
2.4.3 濕地碳匯能力的調查方法 28
2.4.4 濕地中不同碳匯介紹 33
第三章 研究設備及方法 35
3.1 場址選定 35
3.1.1 場址背景 35
3.1.2 場址水文及地貌 36
3.2 水文量測與水質監測 40
3.2.1 水文量測 43
3.2.2 水質採樣及分析 45
3.3 處理效益評估方法 47
3.3.1 污染物效益評估 47
3.3.2 出流機率法及盒鬚圖法 48
3.4 濕地的碳質量平衡模式 52
第四章 結果與討論 55
4.1 濕地水文操作參數 55
4.2 變遷下之水質淨化效益 58
4.2.1 基本水質測量 58
4.2.2 污染物去除率 64
4.3 氣候變遷影響 76
4.3.1 變遷前後氣象變化 76
4.3.2 氣候變遷下之水文變化 79
4.3.3 基本水質特性參數探討 81
4.3.4 變遷前後水質參數探討 83
4.4 濕地碳吸收 106
4.4.1 水生植物 106
4.4.2 總有機碳 107
4.4.3 整體碳吸收能力之推估 111
第五章 結論與建議 116
5.1 結論 116
5.2 建議 117
參考文獻 118

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