本研究為首篇針對臺灣西南沿海之日本眼眶牛尾魚 (Inegocia japonica) 生活 史所進行的研究，以了解其生殖策略及年齡成長，並討論有利於此魚種生存優勢 等生活史特徵。本研究自 2012 年 1 月起至 2013 年 4 月及 2015 年 1 月，每月 3–5 次、每月於蚵仔寮及東港魚市場合計購買樣本約 100 尾，共採集雌魚 701 尾 (體長 (LT) 範圍 15.4–28.2 公分)、雄魚 619 尾 (12.8–25.4 公分) 及無法以性腺外觀判斷性
別者，共 237 尾 (10.2–25.4 公分)。總樣本數量共 1557 尾，體長帄均值 (±SD)20.4±2.8 公分。

每年 1–4 月臺灣西南海域水溫上升，正為日本眼眶牛尾魚的生值高峰季。本 研究透過 GSI 值及組織切片發現，不同於生活在溫帶海域 (如日本) 的族群，臺灣 西南海域的日本眼眶牛尾魚卵巢為非同步發育，生殖季涵蓋全年，他們於出生後 第一年即達性成熟；雌、雄魚最小性成熟體長為 16.6 及 15.0 公分，50% 的雌魚性 成熟體長為帄均 15.4 公分。日本眼眶牛尾魚 (n = 7) 最成熟群卵徑頻度峰之帄均 孕卵數 (±SD) 達 83,442 (±36,619) 粒/尾，包含不同發育階段的卵細胞。組織學結 果顯示，日本眼眶牛尾魚全年皆有先雄後雌的性轉變現象；本研究進一步發現， 此時的他們仍扮演著生殖雄性 (function-male) 的角色；雄魚排精後，卵巢後繼成 熟、準備下一次產卵季的到來。正值雌雄同體時期的性腺和精巢難以外觀正確區 分，比對組織切片可發現其外觀血管較雄魚明顯且為粉紅色，並且同時存在發育 較成熟的精巢及未成熟的卵巢。除明確訂定分辨雄性與雌雄同體個體外，亦依下 列特性：(1) 日本眼眶牛尾魚為先雄後雌、(2) 此階段魚體為生殖雄性，且 (3) 雌 魚有 90% 以上可由性腺外觀正確和雄魚及性轉變個體區分，提出將先雄後雌性轉 變個體列入雄魚數量計算，和雌魚明確區分，以便於各數值統計與計算。
10–12 月為臺灣秓冬之際，西南海域水溫下降，此時日本眼眶牛尾魚耳石上形 成一道道年生輪紋帶，紀錄其生命歷時；本篇以耳石為年齡形質，以 von Bertanlanffy
成長方程式模擬，首次研究臺灣西南沿海之日本眼眶牛尾魚之成長，並與過往針 對溫帶海域的牛尾魚科之文獻比較，發現其為壽命短 (帄均 2.5±0.8 歲，最大年齡 僅 4 歲) 且成長快速 (成長速率為 0.76 /年) 之魚種。

This study investigated life-history traits of the Japanese flathead, Inegocia japonica, inhabiting the waters off southwestern Taiwan. A total of 1,557 I. Japonica specimens (701 females, 619 males, and 237 individuals of unknown sex) were collected in the fish markets of Keziliao and Donggang during the period from January 2012 to April 2013 and in January 2015. The size (total length, TL) of specimens ranged from 15.4 to 28.2 cm for females, and the size from 12.8 and 25.4 cm for males. For the sex-unknown specimens, their TLs ranged from 10.2 to 25.4 cm.
Seawater temperature is suggested to be an important environmental factor affecting the reproduction of I. japonica. The investigations of gonodo-somatic indices (GSIs) and histological sections of ovaries indicated that the I. japonica population inhabiting in waters off southwestern Taiwan spawns year around with a peak spawning period from January to April. The average fecundity was 83,442 (±36,619) eggs, estimated by counting the numbers of oocytes in the most advanced size group from the ovary samples of seven mature females. The smallest TLs at sexual maturity were 16.6 cm (0.7 years) for females and 15.0 cm (0.36 years) for males. Hermaphroditic individuals undergoing sex change were difficult to be properly separated from males through naked eye examination of gonad appearances. Based on histological examination of gonad samples, this study found that hermaphroditic individuals, which had pink color and more visible blood vessels in the appearance of gonads, produce male function.
Ages, revealed by otolith interpretation, of I. japonica ranged from 0.5 to 4.5 years.

The otolith ring, analyzed by marginal increment, formed annually during the period from October to December (autumn and winter). Compared with other species of Platycephalidae, I. japonica exhibits a short-lived species (mean age: 2.5±0.8 years) with a fast growth rate (0.76 year−1).

目錄
謝辭 i
摘要 ii
Abstract iv
目錄 vi
表目錄 ix
圖目錄 x
一、前言 1
1.1 日本眼眶牛尾魚簡介 1
1.2 牛尾魚科的生殖生物學研究 1
1.3 耳石的應用與研究 2
1.4 魚類的性轉變 3
1.5 研究動機及目的 4
二、研究材料與方法 6
2.1 樣品來源 6
2.2 樣本鑑定 6
2.3 基本生物學 6
2.3.1 體長頻度分布 7
2.3.2 體長體重關係式 7
2.3.3 肝指數 7
2.3.4 攝食強度 7
2.3.5 肥滿度 7
2.4 生殖生物學 8
2.4.1 性別判斷、月別樣本數量頻度分布與性比 8
2.4.2 性腺指數月別變化 8

2.4.3 生殖組織切片處理流程 9
2.4.4 最小性成熟體長與 50% 性成熟體長 9
2.4.5 卵徑頻度分布 10
2.4.6 總孕卵數及最成熟群卵徑峰之孕卵數 10
2.5 年齡成長 10
2.5.1 耳石切片處理流程 10
2.5.2 年齡判讀 11
2.5.3 年齡驗證 12
2.5.4 成長模式估算 12
2.6 資料統計分析 12
三、結果 14
3.1 基本生物學 14
3.1.1 體長頻度分布 14
3.1.2 體長體重關係式 14
3.1.3 肝指數 14
3.1.4 攝食強度 15
3.1.5 肥滿度 15
3.2 生殖生物學 15
3.2.1 月別樣本數量頻度分布與性比 15
3.2.3 性腺指數月別變化 16
3.2.4 卵細胞發育分期 16
3.2.5 精細胞發育分期 17
3.2.6 性腺成熟期分期 17
3.2.7 精巢、卵巢、性轉變性腺成熟比例之月別變化 19
3.2.8 最小性成熟體長與 50%成熟體長 19
3.2.9 卵徑頻度分布 20
3.2.10 總孕卵數及最成熟群卵徑頻度峰所估計之孕卵數 20
3.3 年齡成長 21
3.3.1 年齡判讀 21
3.3.3 年齡論證 21
3.3.4 成長解析 22
四、討論 23
4.1 生殖期及生殖模式 23
4.2 耳石輪紋判讀 24
4.3 年齡成長 25
4.4 性別誤判率與性轉變 26
4.5 日本眼眶牛尾魚與印度牛尾魚 27
六、參考文獻 29

表目錄
表 1 以性腺組織外觀判斷日本眼眶牛尾魚 (I. japonica) 雌、雄及性別未確定者之 依據及其切片對照圖 35
表 2 日本眼眶牛尾魚 (I. japonica) 月份別性比分布，以卡方統計之結果 37
表 3 日本眼眶牛尾魚 (I. japonica) 體長別性比分布，以卡方統計之結果 38
表 4 牛尾魚科生殖生物學研究 39
表 5 日本眼眶牛尾魚 (I. japonica) 性別誤判率 40
表 6 牛尾魚科年齡成長研究 41

圖目錄
圖 1 日本眼眶牛尾魚 (I. japonica) 外部形態 43
圖 2 日本眼眶牛尾魚 (I. japonica) 樣本來源 44
圖 3 日本眼眶牛尾魚 (I. japonica) 體長頻度分布及性比 45
圖 4 本研究日本眼眶牛尾魚 (I. japonica) 樣本處理流程圖 46
圖 5 日本眼眶牛尾魚 (I. japonica) 雌、雄魚體長體重關係式 47
圖 6 日本眼眶牛尾魚 (I. japonica) 全長和標準體長關係方程式 48
圖 7 日本眼眶牛尾魚 (I. japonica) 的肝指數 (HSI) 月別變化 49
圖 8 日本眼眶牛尾魚 (I. japonica) 的攝食強度 (DSI) 49
圖 9 日本眼眶牛尾魚 (I. japonica) 的肥滿度 (K) 50
圖 10 日本眼眶牛尾魚 (I. japonica) 月份頻度分布及性比 51
圖 11 日本眼眶牛尾魚 (I. japonica) (a) 雌、(b) 雄別 GSI 值月別變化 52
圖 12 日本眼眶牛尾魚 (I. japonica) 卵細胞發育分期 53
圖 13 日本眼眶牛尾魚 (I. japonica) 精細胞發育分期 55
圖 14 日本眼眶牛尾魚 (I. japonica) 性腺成熟分期-卵巢 56
圖 15 日本眼眶牛尾魚 (I. japonica) 性腺成熟分期-精巢 57
圖 16 日本眼眶牛尾魚 (I. japonica) 性腺成熟分期-性轉變 58
圖 17 日本眼眶牛尾魚 (I. japonica) 性腺成熟之月別變化 59
圖 18 日本眼眶牛尾魚 (I. japonica) 最小性成熟體長 61
圖 19 日本眼眶牛尾魚 (I. japonica) 雌魚 50% 個體達性成熟體長 62
圖 20 日本眼眶牛尾魚 (I. japonica) 卵徑頻度分布 63
圖 21 日本眼眶牛尾魚 (I. japonica) 總孕卵數和 (a) 魚體體長、(b) 魚體全重的關 係 64
圖 22 日本眼眶牛尾魚 (I. japonica) 耳石 (矢狀石，saggita) 外部形態 66
圖 23 日本眼眶牛尾魚 (I. japonica) 體長與耳石全長之關係 67
圖 24 日本眼眶牛尾魚 (I. japonica) 體長與耳石重量之關係 67
圖 25 日本眼眶牛尾魚 (I. japonica) 耳石輪紋判讀試驗 68
圖 26 日本眼眶牛尾魚 (I. japonica) 耳石輪紋判讀 69
圖 27 日本眼眶牛尾魚 (I. japonica) 耳石輪紋頻度分析 70
圖 28 日本眼眶牛尾魚 (I. japonica) 耳石邊緣成長率 (MIR) 71
圖 29 日本眼眶牛尾魚 (I. japonica) 之范式成長方程式 72
圖 30 表層海溫統計資料 (SST, Sea surface temperature) 73

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