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論文名稱 Title |
應用PWM原理設計燃料電池之排水控制 PWM controller for water removal on a closed PEM fuel cell |
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系所名稱 Department |
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畢業學年期 Year, semester |
語文別 Language |
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學位類別 Degree |
頁數 Number of pages |
89 |
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研究生 Author |
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指導教授 Advisor |
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召集委員 Convenor |
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口試委員 Advisory Committee |
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口試日期 Date of Exam |
2014-06-13 |
繳交日期 Date of Submission |
2014-07-20 |
關鍵字 Keywords |
氫氣當量比、脈衝寬度調變、狀態空間平均法、曲線擬合、質子交換膜燃料電池、閉管式 PEM fuel cell, hydrogen excess ratio, closed outlet, pulse width modulation, average state space method, curve fitting |
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統計 Statistics |
本論文已被瀏覽 5689 次,被下載 22 次 The thesis/dissertation has been browsed 5689 times, has been downloaded 22 times. |
中文摘要 |
本論文主要是提出一個新的操作方式:將原先開管式燃料電池改造為閉管式燃料電池,從控制氫氣輸入流量的方式改為控制氫氣排出流量,並設計控制器使得氫氣在不同的電流負載下仍能排出至最合適的大小。此操作方式具有節省氫氣、提高電池性能與保護電池三大優點。 文中吾人所獲得的開管式燃料電池效能已呈現嚴重衰退,為了找尋衰退原因吾人將其拆開並重組實驗,實驗發現開管式電池在操作時具有先天上的缺陷,提昇氫氣利用率與避免氫氣枯竭無法同時滿足。為了同時達到這兩個目標,吾人將電池加一電磁閥使其為閉管式操作,操作電磁閥控制排出的氫氣流量。閉管式電池排氣的原因是主要是為了排出水氣,避免過多的水氣造成電池內部水氾濫,導致電池性能下降。 為了兼顧排水能力與氫氣利用率,吾人使用氫氣當量比$lambda_{H_2}$ [(輸入的氫氣質量流率)除以(反應的氫氣質量流率)]作為指標函數決定電磁閥開與關的時機。吾人結合了狀態空間平均法與曲線擬合兩種方法建立燃料電池的系統模型,並利用脈衝寬度調變訊號控制電磁閥,設計控制器在負載變動時改變導通比(Duty-ratio)維持$lambda_{H_2}$在目標値。本論文在實際燃料電池實驗上證實,除了有效維持$lambda_{H_2}$在定値保護電池外,也將氫氣利用率由50\%大幅提昇至70\%。 |
Abstract |
In this thesis, we propose a hydrogen outflow regulation strategy for PEM fuel cells. The advantages of the proposed strategy is three-folds: to improve stability of the voltage output, to protect the fuel cell against oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) at the anode which results in water buildup, and to optimize the usage of hydrogen. For a conventional "open outlet" fuel cell, the hydrogen excess ratio is usually high because excessively more hydrogen is required in order to prevent fuel starvation. Even with an active feedback inflow regulator, the previous experiments indicate that the excess ratio must be at least 2 in order for the fuel cell to maintain a steady operation. Thus, at least 50\% of the hydrogen is wasted. The waste of hydrogen can be prevented if the anode outlet is closed. This, however, will results in water buildup in the anode outlet. When too much water is stacked in the fuel cell, a phenomenon referred to as "flooding", the electrochemical reaction of hydrogen and oxygen will drop significantly, or even completely shut down. In order to reduce the waste of hydrogen and prevent the buildup of water in the anode, we propose a "semi-closed outlet" mechanism by attaching a controlled solenoid valve to the anode outlet which opens and closes the outlet in a timely fashion. More specifically, the solenoid valve is controlled by a pulse-width modulated signal, which is generated by a feedback mechanism that takes into account the current voltage/power output and the water buildup rate. The mechanism is designed in such a way to maintain stable voltage/power output while optimizing the usage of hydrogen and purging the water out of the anode in a timely fashion. The results of experiments indicate that by this approach the utilization of hydrogen is significantly improved and the hydrogen excess ratio is reduced to 1.4, comparing to the suggested value of 11 if the cell is operated in the "open outlet" condition. |
目次 Table of Contents |
中文摘要 i 英文摘要 ii 目錄 iii 圖目錄 vi 第一章 緒論 1 1.1 前言與背景 1 1.2 燃料電池簡介 3 1.3 文獻回顧 5 1.4 研究動機、目的與貢獻 7 第二章 質子交換膜燃料電池構造、發電原理與理論模型 9 2.1 燃料電池的結構 9 2.2 燃料電池的發電原理 10 2.3 燃料電池的數學模型 12 2.3.1 電池堆電壓模型 13 2.3.2 燃料電池陽極流道模型 16 2.3.3 燃料電池陰極流道模型 17 2.3.4 薄膜水滲透模型 19 2.4 氫氣當量比 20 第三章 找尋電池衰退原因、重組與改裝 23 3.1 電池為何衰退 23 3.2 實驗電池重組 26 3.2.1 量測燃料電池容積 27 3.3 電池破洞的原因 28 3.4 改裝成閉管式電池的優點 30 第四章 水氣對電池的影響,降低影響與實驗設計 32 4.1 水對電池的影響 32 4.2 水對實驗電池的影響 34 4.3 壓差與流速的理論關係 36 4.4 控制訊號與控制方法的確定 37 4.5 工作週期與 λ H2的決定 38 第五章 實驗設備、架構與系統識別 41 5.1 實驗設備與架構介紹 41 5.1.1 實驗設備 42 5.2 系統模型的建立 45 5.2.1 理論分析 45 5.2.2 模型驗證 47 5.3 系統識別 49 5.3.1 PRBS 訊號 49 5.3.2 流量感測器的頻寬量測 50 5.3.3 PWM 周期與 DAQ 取樣時間的決定 51 5.4 流量訊號轉換為輸出導通比 54 5.5 不同電流負載下的流量變化 56 5.6 輸入導通比-輸出導通比的系統識別 57 5.6.1 識別模型的抉擇 57 5.6.2 曲線擬合(Curve Fitting) 58 5.6.3 殘差模數與判定係數的介紹 58 5.6.4 實驗結果 60 5.7 實驗結論 61 第六章 控制器設計與實驗 62 6.1 輸入與輸出的選擇 62 6.2 控制方式 62 6.3 電子負載器與流量器的匹配 65 6.4 實驗結果與討論 66 6.4.1 負載變動與控制 λ H2值之實驗 66 6.4.2 負載變動與壓力測試之實驗 69 6.5 總結 70 第七章 結論與未來展望 71 7.1 結論 71 7.2 未來展望 72 參考文獻 73 |
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