近年行動通訊的使用人數與數據傳輸量呈爆炸性的增長，為了因應未來龐大傳輸速率的需求，研究學者因此提出大規模多天線 (Massive Multi-input Multi-output, Massive MIMO) 系統，此系統藉由裝備大量通信收發器天線的基地台，來達到通訊品質的增長。
目前，大多數工業界所關心的問題是 Massive MIMO 技術在真實的應用上是否能商業運轉，由於系統所需的天線數量龐大，若配置高精度類比數位轉換器(Analog-to-digital converter, ADC) 的接收裝置，基地台所需的價格將非常昂貴，此外消耗功率亦變得很可觀，這些對於應用上是很不利的因素；若改成低精度(低價格)的ADC，其所需的成本及功率消耗將大幅降低，因此配置低精度 ADC 天線是一個可行的方案。
本文將探討 Massive MIMO 系統配置低精度 ADC 的天線的檢測問題，透過設計檢測器，我們可得到在使用低精度 ADC 天線的條件下，其效能在 Massive MIMO 系統下還是接近到高精度 ADC 的結果。因此，本論文所貢獻的結果為提出一個低複雜度且性能優異的檢測器，可大幅降低未來基地台的建置成本。

In recent year, communication systems are required to be able to serve explosive growth of the large number of data sent by users. Massive multi-input multi-output
(MIMO) system is a promising technique to reach such demand and has received enormous attention. The technology equips with a large number of receive antennas at the base station. If all the antennas are equipped with high resolution analog-to-digital converters (ADCs), the cost of the base station should be expensive and the power consumption is high, which are adverse to the commercial operation. In this thesis we propose a novel way to solve the problems by using the low resolution ADCs to replace the high resolution ADCs. In particular, we propose a framework for data detection on the massive MIMO system with low resolution ADCs. Our results reveal that the massive MIMO systems with low resolution ADCs can achieve the same performances as those using high resolution ADCs. Consequently, using the low resolution ADCs is a promising approach to decrease the costs and power consumption of the base station.

[審定書+i]
[誌謝+ii]
[摘要+iii]
[Abstract+iv]
[目錄+v]
[圖次+vii]
[表次+ix]
[緒論+1]
[簡介+1]
[背景+1]
[大規模多輸入多輸出天線系統+1]
[類比數位轉換器+2]
[目標和論文組織介紹+2]
[信念傳遞演算法簡介+4]
[和積演算法演算法簡介+4]
[廣義概似訊息傳遞演算法簡介+8]
[量化接收訊號之多用戶檢測在大規模多輸入多輸出天線系統介紹+12]
[線性最小均方誤差之多用戶檢測簡介+12]
[消息傳遞去量化檢測簡介+14]
[多位元類比數位轉換器之接收天線+18]
[2位元的類比數位轉換器接收天線+18]
[3位元的類比數位轉換器接收天線+22]
[可加性量化雜訊模型+25]
[理論分析值+27]
[ADC價格和功耗的考量+27]
[ADC的價格+27]
[基地台天線的功率消耗+27]
[基地台的功耗最佳化問題+29]
[模擬討論和分析+30]
[MPDQ檢測與MMSE 檢測之效能比較+30]
[AQNM 使用AMP 和LMMSE 檢測與MPDQ 檢測之效能比較+33]
[量化間隔 的影響+36]
[硬體成本和功耗的考量+38]
[結論+41]
[參考文獻+52]

[1] F. Rusek, D. Persson, B. K. Lau, E. G. Larsson, O. Edfors, F. Tufvesson, and T. L. Marzetta, “Scaling up MIMO: opportunities and challenges with very large arrays,” IEEE Signal Process. Mag., vol. 30, no.1, pp. 40-60, Jan. 2013.
[2] S. Wang, Y. Li, and J. Wang,“Multiuser detection for uplink large-scale MIMO under one-bit quantization,” in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Communication (ICC), Sydney, NSW, Jun. 2014. pp. 4460-4465.
[3] J. Vila and P. Schniter, “An empirical-bayes approach to recovering linearly constrained non-negative sparse signals,” in Proc. IEEE Computational Advances in Multi-Sensor Adaptive Processing (CAMSAP), St. Martin, Dec. 2013. pp. 5-8.
[4] F. Krzakala, M. M´ezard and L. Zdeborov´a, “Phase diagram and approximate message passing for blind calibration and dictionary learning,” in Proc. IEEE Int. Symp. Information Theory (ISIT), Turkey, July 2013, pp. 659-663.
[5] J. G. Proakis, Digital Communications, 4th Edition. Mc Graw Hill, 2001, ch. 3.
[6] E. Hossain, D. I. Kim, and V. K. Bhargava, Cooperative Cellular Wireless Networks. New York: Cambridge, 2011, ch. 4.
[7] C. M. Bishop, Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning. Springer, 2006, ch. 8.
[8] T. L. Marzetta, “Noncooperative cellular wireless with unlimited numbers of base station antennas,” IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun., vol. 9, no. 11, pp. 3590-3600, Nov. 2010.
[9] E. G. Larsson, O. Edfors, F. Tufvesson, and T. L. Marzetta, “Massive MIMO for next generation wireless systems,” IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 52, no. 2, pp.186-195, Feb. 2014.
[10] Ericsson, “More than 50 billion connected devices,” Ericsson White Paper, Feb. 2011.
[Online] Available: http://www.akos-rs.si/files/Telekomunikacije/Digitalna agenda/Internetni protokol Ipv6/More-than-50-billion-connected-devices.pdf
[11] A. Osseiran, F. Boccardi, V. Braun, K. Kusume, P. Marsch, M. Maternia, O. Queseth, M. Schellmann, H. Schotten, H. Taoka, H. Tullberg, M. Uusitalo, B. Timus, and M. Fallgren, “Scenarios for 5G mobile and wireless communications: the vision of the METIS project,” IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 52, no. 5, pp. 26-35, May. 2014.
[12] E.Dahlman, G. Mildh, J. Peisa, J. Sachs, Y. Sel´ en, and S. Parkvall, “5G radio
access,” Ericsson Review, pp. 1-10, Feb. 2015.
[Online] Available: http://www.ericsson.com/res/docs/whitepapers/wp-5g.pdf
[13] C. K. Wen, W. Jin, K. K. Wong, C. J. Wang, and G. Wu, “Joint channel-and-data estimation for large-MIMO systems with low precision ADCs,” in Proc. IEEE Int. Symp. Information Theory (ISIT), Hong Kong, Jun. 2015.
[14] O. Orhan, E. Erkip, and S. Rangan, “Low power analog-to-digital conversion in millimeter wave systems: impact of resolution and bandwidth on performance,” in Proc. IEEE Inf. Theory and Application Workshop (ITA), San Diego, USA Feb. 2015.