Responsive image
博碩士論文 etd-0622107-191623 詳細資訊
Title page for etd-0622107-191623
論文名稱
Title
外資的技術外溢與中國經濟發展
Technological Spillovers via Foreign Investment and China’s Economic Development
系所名稱
Department
畢業學年期
Year, semester
語文別
Language
學位類別
Degree
頁數
Number of pages
125
研究生
Author
指導教授
Advisor
召集委員
Convenor
口試委員
Advisory Committee
口試日期
Date of Exam
2007-06-08
繳交日期
Date of Submission
2007-06-22
關鍵字
Keywords
外商直接投資、追蹤資料模型、人力資本、技術外溢
panel data model, human capital, technological spillovers, FDI
統計
Statistics
本論文已被瀏覽 5675 次,被下載 0
The thesis/dissertation has been browsed 5675 times, has been downloaded 0 times.
中文摘要
從過去的文獻中可發現並非所有開發中國家的外資均具有產出效果,如: Marino(2000)認為必須在引資國具備開放的貿易與投資條件下,外資才可能帶動經濟增長;Lim(2001)則表示總體經濟的穩定與否至為關鍵,因此只有在特定之情況下,上述論點始成立。是故,探究中國如何憑藉著外資所施展的魔法來實現其有目共睹的經濟成就,便成為了近年來備受全球矚目的課題之一。

本研究之理論架構乃建立於Coe & Helpman (1995)的模型之上,並運用人力資本累積、國內現有的技術知識含量,以及透過跨國企業所帶來的技術設備存量,建構一個開放的三部門內生成長模型。其脈絡如下:發達國家所擁有的先進技術,可透過向外直接投資,對引資國的研發部門產生技術外溢作用,從而提高其技術進步率,促進當地之經濟成長。

透過競爭性市場的均衡分析得出以下結果:就理論層面來看,長期之下的經濟成長率的確會因為本國技術吸收能力的改善,及人力資本存量的提升,而有所增長;至於縮短國內外之技術差距能否對提升該國之經濟成長率有所助益?答案則是不確定的。

根據上述的理論基礎,以及實際可獲得的資料-中國各省(市)於1996- 2004年間的經濟數據,吾人建立起一個包含人力資本累積、國內研發投入,和國際間技術外溢作用的實證研究模型。此外,本研究更嘗試以人力資本存量做為衡量國內技術吸收能力的指標,並運用計量方法中的線性迴歸模型對追蹤資料進行固定效果分析。

本研究的實證結果表明:外來直接投資的技術外溢的確能對中國各省之經濟成長引發正面作用,並且在考慮到自身的吸收能力後,其效果更加明顯;另一方面,人力資本累積、國內研發投入也都和總產出增長率之間呈現顯著的正向相關。整體而言,由於技術外溢的多樣化傳導機制,外來直接投資已對中國經濟起了無法替代的積極作用,乃該國持續發展所不可或缺的關鍵因素。然而,中國在接收外來技術的過程中,仍受到了某種程度的限制,因此,未來還必須朝向提升人力資本累積,與強化自主創新能力等方面來努力。
Abstract
We review previous literature on productivity effects of FDI in China and find that the evidence of FDI spillovers on her economic growth rate is mixed. Take A. Marino (2000) and E-G Lim (2001) for example, they pointed out that it just happened conditionally. Thus due to the proof of its plausibility, China’s experience may help underdeveloped countries fulfill their goals and become one of the most contentious issues.

Based on CH(1995), this paper presents a 3-sector R&D-based endogenous growth model in an open economy with human capital accumulation and the existing stocks of technology from MNCs as well as domestic industries. And the thread of thought is that the technology growth rate will arise if technological spillovers of FDI do act in domestic R&D sectors, and that will lead to the better development of economy. The solution satisfied to the competitive equilibrium conditions shows that long-run growth rate arises from the improvement of absorptive capability and higher human capital stock, while the relationships between technology gap and steady-state growth rate are uncertain.

Then, bottomed on the results of theoretical model and the existing information including Chinese 30 provincial level data for 1996-2004, this paper tests with econometric methods- panel data OLS model with fixed effect-and makes empirical analyses. In addition, absorptive capacity is weighted by human capital.

As the setting of empirical model, the major focuses are on how human capital, domestic R&D, and international technological spillovers affect long-run growth rate. And the main conclusion is that the steady-state growth rates depend positively on the stock of human capital, the investment of domestic R&D, and the effects of technological spillovers via FDI whether the absorptive capacity is considered or not. While the results also show that the stock of human capital is a definitive and appropriate index to the absorptive capacity and that Chinese provincial level productivity effects of FDI are strongly confirmed by this paper. However, there are still some hinder in China for the digestion of foreign technologies, thus in the future the authority should put more emphases on increasing human capital stock and stepping up self-innovated ability.
目次 Table of Contents
第一章 緒論 1
第一節 研究動機與目的 1
第二節 研究架構與章節安排 5
第三節 研究範圍與限制 8
第二章 理論與文獻探討 10
第一節 國際投資理論 10
第二節 外資與經濟發展 13
第三節 外資的技術外溢 18
第四節 FDI與中國經濟發展的相關文獻 .31
第三章 外資在中國發展概況 35
第一節 外商直接投資之發展歷程 35
第二節 跨國企業的形式與進入途徑 43
第三節 跨國投資的趨向 50
第四節 FDI對經濟發展的利與弊 …..53
第四章 模型建構 58
第一節 基本模型 58
第二節 競爭性市場均衡分析 61
第三節 實證模型設定 68
第四節 資料來源與處理 71
第五章 實證分析 74
第一節 迴歸模型 74
第二節 結果分析 81
第六章 結論與建議 86
第一節 結論 .86
第二節 研究發現與建議 89
附錄一 中國對外貿易政策年表(.1978-2006年) .95
附錄二 三資企業在中國的投資概況(.1994-2005年) .98
附錄三 對中國進行實際外商投資的主要來源國 101
參考書目 102
參考文獻 References
一、中文部份:
(一)專書:
王巾英、崔新健,2002年6月,中國利用外資:理論、效益、管理,北京:北京大學出版社。

王志樂,2005跨國公司在中國投資報告,北京:中國經濟出版社。

王岳平,1999年,我国外商直接投资的两种市场导向类型分析,中華人民共和國教育部出版。

伊翔碩,2001年,加入WTO後的中國對外貿易戰略,上海:復旦大學出版社。

呂鴻德,2002年, 2002年中國大陸地區投資環境與風險調查,台北:台灣區電機電子工業同業公會委託。

李宗哲,1996年4月,大陸經貿開放政策對國內中小企業影響,中小企業委託研究。

李東陽,1994年,當代西方國際投資學,北京:東北財金大學出版社。

何茂春,2000年,對外貿易法比較研究:兼論中國“入世”後外貿體制的全面改革,北京:中國社會科學出版社。

林武郎,1997年10月,專案研究報告:中國大陸的吸引外資與海外投資,台北:行政院大陸委員會。

吳敬璉,2005年6月,當代中國經濟改革,上海:上海遠東出版社。

胡景岩,2000年6月,外商投資中國的最新方式,香港:萬里出版社。

唐宜紅, 2003年10月,外資進入行為研究,北京:人民出版社。

高長,1994年,中國經改與兩岸經貿關係,臺北:五南圖書出版社。


曹均偉,1996年,中國近代利用外資思想,上海:立信會計出版社。

陳飛翔,1999年,開放利益論—中國對外開放的經濟利益分析[M] ,上海:復旦大學出版社。

楊永華,1999年,利用外資與維護國家經濟安全,北京:中國發展出版社。

趙晉平,2001年6月,利用外資與中國經濟增長,北京:人民出版社。

劉躍生,1999年,國際直接投資與中國利用外資,北京:中國發展出版社。

盧炯星,2001年,中國外商投資法問題研究,北京:法律出版社。


(二)期刊及研究報告:
王洛林、江小涓、盧圣亮,2000年,「大型跨國公司投資對中國產業結構、技術進步和經濟國際化的影響」,中國工業經濟,第4期,頁67-91。

付敏、陶長高,2005年,「我國外資問題討論綜述」,經濟理論與經濟管理,第11期,頁235-260。

朱平輝,王美今,2000年,「外商直接投資與區域經濟波動」,中國經濟問題,第2期,頁20-23。

汪立鑫、曹江,2000年,「外商直接投資對上海經濟增長貢獻的計量分析」,上海經濟研究,第5期,頁36-39。

何潔, 2000年,「外商直接投資對中國工業部門外溢效應的進ㄧ步精確量化」,世界經濟,第8期,頁114-150。

林少龍,1998年,「由供給面分析外人來台直接投資的決定因素」,亞太管理評論,第3卷1期,國立成功大學企業管理學系,頁324-355。

胡慶華、喻世友,「外國直接投資與我國經濟開放發展戰略」,商業研究,第240期,頁98-120。


杜震華,薛琦,1989年3月,「直接外來投資與台灣的固定投資」,經濟論文叢刊,國立台灣大學經濟學系,頁64-89。

韋經建,2000年,「論入世後我國吸引外國再投資的法律環境的整合」,國際經濟法年會論文,頁46-72。

秦穆莊,2001年1月,「外貿、外資 帶動大陸經濟復甦」,商業新聞,第7期,頁172-189。

陳永生,2001年3月,「外國直接投資與中國大陸的經濟發展」,中國大陸研究,第44卷3期,頁231-254。

黃金印,1998年11月,「海外直接投資之計量分析」,經濟情勢暨評論,第4卷3期,頁447-475。

程曉農,1996年10月,「繁榮從何而來?-中國經濟現狀和趨勢的分析」,當代中國研究,第3期,頁77-96。

湯文仙,韓福榮,2000年,「三缺口模型:對雙缺口模型的修正」,當代經濟科學,第5期,頁36-40。

楊亞琴,2001年11月,「利用外資與上海工業競爭力的提升」,上海經濟研究,第4期,頁276-299。

蔣殿春,2003年,「跨國公司與發展中東道國企業的技術創新博弈」, 世界經濟,第11期,頁193-207。


(三)學位論文:
尹海濤,2003年,外國直接投資對發展中國家高等教育水準的影響,北京,北京大學博士論文。

田曉霞,2000年,中國資本外逃的經濟分析:1982–1999,北京,北京大學博士論文。

宋承穎,2003年,外人直接投資對台灣經濟的影響評估-雙向FDI之探討,高雄,中山大學經濟學研究所,碩士論文。

陳玫蓉,2003年,外商直接投資對上海經濟外部效果的評估,高雄,中山大學大陸研究所碩士論文,碩士論文。


(四) 官方出版品:
中華人民共和國國家統計局,1999-2006年,中國統計年鑑(1999-2006),北京:中國統計出版社。

陳錦華,1996年(b),關於年度國民經濟.社會發展計劃執行狀況和96年度計畫案的報告,轉錄自經濟部。

國家發展和改革委員會投資司、國家發展和改革委員會投資研究所、國家統計局投資統計司著,2006年,2005中國投資報告,北京:中國計劃出版社。

聯合國貿易暨發展委員會,2005年世界投資報告,北京:中國經濟出版社。


(五) 報章查雜誌:
江小涓,2000年12月21日,外商對華投資趨勢分析,中國證券報。(2007年4月17日)

江澤民,2001年7月4日,在全國外資工作會議上的講話,經濟日報。(2007年2月18日)


(六)網路資料:
上海聯合產權交易所:
http://new.suaee.com/suaee/portal/index.jsp(2007年1月28日)

五洲傳媒網:
. http://big51.cn5c.com/new/article.php?articleid=129235(2007年2月15日)

中華人民共和國國家統計局:
http://www.stats.gov.cn/

自由電子報,2006年10月17日,〈聯合國貿易暨發展會議(UNCTAD)發佈報告〉: http://www.libertytimes.com.tw/2006/new/oct/18/today-e6.htm

臺灣商會聯合資訊網:
http://www.tcoc.com.tw/newslist/013800/13831.asp(2007年3月1日)

鄧小平南巡講話,原題〈在武昌、深圳、珠海、上海等地的談話要點〉:
http://www.fulan.com/167/eBook/history/dengxiao.html(2007年2月15日)


二、英文部分:
A. Books:
Amsden, Alice and Wan-wen Chu (2003), Beyond Late Development, Taiwan’s Upgrading Policies, Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press.

Barro, R. and Sala-i-Martin, X.(1995), Economic Growth. New York: McGraw Hill.

Grossman, G. and E. Helpman(1991), Innovation and Growth in the Global Economy, Cambridge: MIT Press.

Haksar V. (1995), Externality, Growth and Technology Transfer:Applications to the Indian Manufacturing Sector, Mimeograph, 1975∼1990, International Monetary Fund.

Kindleberger, Charles P. (1969), American Business Abroad, New Haven:Yale University Press.

Leighton, Michelle, Naomi Roht-Arriza, and Lyuba Zarsky (2002), Beyond Good Deeds: Case Studies and a New Policy Agenda for Corporate Accountability, Berkeley, California: Natural Heritage Institute.

Moran, Theodore H. (1998), Foreign Direct Investment and Development, The New Policy Agenda for Developing Countries and Economies in Transition, Washington D.C.: Institute for International Economics.

United Nations(2007), 2006 World Investment Report, New York and Geneva, UNCTAD.

B. Journals:
Abramowitz, M.(1986), “Catching Up, Forging Ahead and Falling Behind, ” Journal of Economic History, Vol.46(2), pp.385-406.

Aghion, P. and P. Howitt(1992), “A Modle of Growth through Creative Destruction,” Econometrica, Vol.60(2), pp.323-351.

Aitken, J. Brian and E. Ann Harrison (1997), “Spillovers, Foreign Investment and Export Behavior,” Journal of International Economics, Vol.43, pp.103-132.

Aitken, J. Brian and E. Ann Harrison (1999), “Do Domestic Firms Benefit from Direct Foreign Investment?” American Economic Review, Vol.89, pp.605-618.

Alfaro et al. (2000), “ FDI and Economic Growth: The Role of Local Markets,” OECD Working Paper, pp.182-198.

Balasubramanyam, V. N, M. Salisu, and D. Sapsford (1996) ,“Foreign Direct Investment and Growth in EP and IS Countries,” Economic Jounral, Vol.106, pp. 92-105.

Basant, R. and B. Fikkert(1993), “Impact of R&D Foreign Technology and Technology Spillovers on Indian Industrial Productivity,” Working paper, No.11, INTECH.

Blomstrom, Magnus(1986), “Foreign Investment and Productive Efficiency: The Case of Mexico,” Journal of Industrial Economics, Blackwell Publishing, Vol.35(1), September, pp.97-110.

Blomstrom, Magnus and Hakan Persson (1983), “Foreign Investment and Spillover Efficiency in an Underdeveloped Economy: Evidence from the Mexican Manufacturing Industry,” World Development, Vol.11(6), pp.493-501.

Borensztein, E., J. de Gregorio, Jong-Wha Lee (1998),“How does foreign direct investment affect economic growth?” Journal of International Economics, Vol.45, pp.115 135.

Bosworth Barry P. and Susan M. Collins (1999),“Capital Flows to Developing Economies: Implications for Savings and Investment,” Brookings Papers on Economic Activity: 1, Washington DC: Brookings Institution, pp.143-69.

Buckley, P. J., J. Clegg, and C. Wang (2002),“The impact of inward FDI on the performance of Chinese manufacturing firms,”Journal of International Business Studies, Vol.33(4), pp.637–655.

Caves, Richard E. (1971), “International Corporations: The Industrial Economics of Foreign Investment,” Economics, Vol.38(149), pp.1-27.

Chenery, Hollis Burley and Alan M. Strout(1966, 9), “Foreign Assistance and Economic Development,”American Economic Review, Vol.56, pp.679-733.

Cheung, K.-y., and P. Lin (2004), “Spillover Effects of FDI on Innovation in China: Evidence from the provincial data,” China Economic Review, Vol.15(1), pp. 25-44.

Chuang, Y.-C., and P.-F. Hsu (2004),“FDI, trade, and spillover efficiency: evidence from China’s manufacturing sector,” Applied Economics, Vol.36, pp.1103-1115.

Coe, D. and E. Helpman(1995),“International R&D Spillovers,” European Economic Review, Vol.39, pp.859-887.

Cohen, W. and D. Levinthal(1989),“Innovation and Learning: The Two Faces of R&D,” Economic Journal, Vol.99, pp.569-596.

deMello, Luiz R. Jr. (1999),“Foreign direct investment-led growth: evidence from time series and panel data,” Oxford Economic Papers 51, pp.133-151

Durlauf, S. and Quah, D.(1998), “The New Empirics of Economic Growth,”NBER working paper, 6422.

Gallagher, Kevin P. and Lyuba Zarsky(2006, 4), “Rethinking Foreign Investment for Development,”post-autistic economics review, issue No.37, article 2, pp.10-32.

Goldman Sachs (2003) ,“Dreaming With BRICs:The Path to 2050,”Global Economics: Paper No.99, pp.120-146.

Graham, Edward H. (1995),“FDI in the World Economy,” IMF Working Paper, wp/95/59, Washington D.C.

Graham, Edward M. and Wada, Erika (2001),“Foreign Direct Investment in China: Effects on Growth and Economic Performance,” in Peter Drysdale, ed., Achieving High Growth: Experience of Transitional Economies in East Asia, New York: Oxford University Press.

Heckman, J.(2003), “China’s Investment in Human Capital,” Economic Development and Cultural Change, pp.795-804.

Holmes, J. and A. Schmitz(2001), “Competition at Work: Railroads vs. Monopoly in the US Shipping Industry,”Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Quarterly Review, issue 25, pp.3-29.

Hu, A.G., and G. H. Jefferson (2002),“FDI Impact and Spillover: Evidence from China’s Electronic and Textile Industries,”The World Economy, Vol.25, pp. 1063-1076.

Huang, J-T. (2004), “Spillovers from Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Macau investment and from other foreign investment in Chinese industries,”Contemporary economic policy, Vol.22(1), pp.13-25.

Hymer, Stephen H. (1960), The International Operations of National Firms, unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation, MIT. pp.35-36.

Kathak(1989),“Imported Technology and R&D in A Newly Industrializing Country:
.The Indian Experience,” Journal of Development Economics, Vol.31, pp.123-139.

Kiyoshi Kojima (1973), “A Macroeconomic Approach to Foreign Direct Investment ,”Hitotsubashi Journal of Economics, Vol.14, pp.1-21.

Kiyoshi Kojima (1978), “Japanese and America Direct Investment in Asia:A Comparative Study,”Third International Conference on MNE, pp.39-107.

Kokko, Ari (1994), “Technology, Market Characteristics, and Spillovers,”Journal of Development Economics, Vol.43, pp.279-293.

Kokko, A. and M. Blomstrom (1995), “Policies to Encourage Inflows of Technology Through Foreign Multinationals,” World Development, Vol.23, No.3, pp.459-468.

Kokko, Ari, R. Tansini, and M. Zejan (1996), “Local Technological Capability and Spillovers from FDI in the Uruguayan Manufacturing Sector,” Journal of Development Studies, Vol.34. pp.602-611.

Lensink, Robert and Oliver Morissey (2001), “Foreign Direct Investment: Flows, Volatility and Growth,” paper presented at the Development Economic Study Group Conference, University of Nottingham, April 5-7.

Lim, Ewe-Ghee (2001), “Determinants of and the Relation Between Foreign Direct Investment and Growth: A Summary of the Recent Literature,” Working Paper 01/75, IMF, November 8-17.

Li, X., X. Liu, and D. Parker(2001), “Foreign direct investment and productivity spillovers in the Chinese manufacturing sector,” Economic Systems, Vol.25(4), pp.305-321.

Liu, X., D. Parker, K. Vaidya, and Y. Wei (2001), “The impact of foreign direct investment on labour productivity in the Chinese electronics industry,” International Business REview, Vol.10(4), pp.421-439.

Liu, Z.(2001),“Foreign direct investment and technology spillover: evidence from China,” Journal of Comparative Economics, Vol.30(3), pp.579-602.

Loungani, Prakash and Assaf Razin (2001), “How Beneficial Is Foreign Direct Investment For Developing Countries?”Finance and Development, Vol.38(2), pp.6-10.

Lucas, Robert E. and E. Robert(1988), “On the Mechanics of Economic Development, ”Journal of Monetary Economics, Vol.22, pp.3-42.

MacDougall, G. D. A.(1960, 8), “ The Benefits and Costs of Private Investment from Abroad: A Theoretical Approach,”Bulletin of Oxford University Institute of Statistics, Vol.22, pp.189-211.

Malampally, Padma and Karl P. Sauvant (1999), “Foreign Direct Investment in Developing Countries,” Finance and Development, Vol.36(1), IMF, March.

Marino, Andrea (2000),“The Impact on FDI on Developing Countries Growth: Trade Policy Matters,” ISTAT-CEMAFI, France.

Markusen, James R. and Anthony J. Venables (1999), “Foreign Direct Investment as a Catalyst for Industrial Development,” European Economic Review, Vol.43, pp. 335-356.

Nadiri, I. (1991), U.S. Direct Investment and the Production Structure of the
Manufacturing Sector in France , Germany, Japan and The U.K. , Mimeograph, New York University.

Rivera-Batiz, Luis A and Romer, Paul M.(1991), “Economic Integration and Endogenous Growth,” Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol.106, pp.531-555.

Rodrik, Dani (1999), “ The New Global Economy and Developing Countries: Making Openness Work,” Policy Essay No.24, Overseas Development Council, Washington D.C. , pp.145-174.

Romer, Paul M.(1986), “Increasing Returns and Long-Run Growth,” Journal of Political Economy, Vol.94, pp.1002-1037.

Romer, Paul M.(1989), “ Human Capital And Growth: Theory and Evidence,” NBER Working Papers 3173, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.

Romer, Paul M.(1991), “Endogenous Technological Change,” Journal of Political Economy, Vol.98(5), pp.S71-102.

Romer, Paul M.(1993b), “Object Gap and Economic Development,” Journal of Monetary Economics, Vol.32, No.3, pp.543-573.

Romer, Paul M. (1998),“Endogenous Technological Chang,” Journal of Political Economy, Vol.98(5), pp.S71-S102.

Stern, David, (1998),“Progress on the Environmental Kuznets Curve?” Journal of Economic Development and the Environment, Vol.3, pp.173-196.

Tong, S. Y., and A. Y. Hu (2003), “Do Domestic Firms Benefit from Foreign Direct Investment? Initial Evidence from Chinese Manufacturing,” mimeo, The University of Hong Kong, pp.193-221.

Wang, Jian-ye(1990),“ Growth, Technology Transfer, and the Long-run Theory of International Capital Movement,” Journal of International Economics, Vol.29, pp.255-271.

Wang, Jian-ye and Blomstrom, M.(1992),“Foreign Investment and Technology
Transfer : A Simple Model,”European Economic Review, Vol.36, pp.137-155.

Wei, Y., and X. Liu (2006): “Productivity spillovers from R&D, exports and FDI in China’s manufacturing sector,” Journal of International Business Studies, Vol.37(4), pp.544-557.

Xu, B.(2000), “Multinational Enterprises, Technology Diffusion, and Host Country Productivity Growth,”,Journal of Development Economics, Vol.62, pp.477-493.

Yasmin, Bushra (2005), “Foreign Capital Inflows and Growth in Pakistan: A Simultaneous Equation Model,” Yasmin South Asia Economic Journal, No.6, pp.207-219.

Yuko Kinoshita(2000), “ R&D and Technology Spillovers via FDI: Innovation and Absorptive Capacity ,”William Davidson Institute Working Papers, Vol.349, pp.1123-1160.

C. Website:
Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development.
http://www.oecd.org/home/0,2605,en_2649_201185_1_1_1_1_1,00.html
電子全文 Fulltext
本電子全文僅授權使用者為學術研究之目的,進行個人非營利性質之檢索、閱讀、列印。請遵守中華民國著作權法之相關規定,切勿任意重製、散佈、改作、轉貼、播送,以免觸法。
論文使用權限 Thesis access permission:校內校外均不公開 not available
開放時間 Available:
校內 Campus:永不公開 not available
校外 Off-campus:永不公開 not available

您的 IP(校外) 位址是 3.145.115.195
論文開放下載的時間是 校外不公開

Your IP address is 3.145.115.195
This thesis will be available to you on Indicate off-campus access is not available.

紙本論文 Printed copies
紙本論文的公開資訊在102學年度以後相對較為完整。如果需要查詢101學年度以前的紙本論文公開資訊,請聯繫圖資處紙本論文服務櫃台。如有不便之處敬請見諒。
開放時間 available 已公開 available

QR Code