本研究分為兩個部份進行解析與探討，以下分別說明之：

PART Ⅰ 氣象因子校正對臭氧濃度影響

氣象條件的不同可影響臭氧濃度的變化，而臭氧濃度經氣象因子校正後可用以評估臭氧減量之成效。本研究利用多重累加模式解析氣象因子於臭氧濃度之長期趨勢影響。以1997 − 2006年高雄地區空氣品質監測站之O3污染物作長期趨勢探討，分別利用Holland model(未經氣象因子調整)之長期趨勢模擬及robust MM Regression(經氣象因子調整)之長期趨勢模擬以解析探討高雄地區氣象因子對污染物長期趨勢之影響及氣象因子於區域之影響。

模式模擬結果顯示，利用robust MM Regression(經氣象因子校正)進行臭氧濃度長期趨勢，其結果較Holland model(未經氣象因子調整)更為接近測量值。模擬結果顯示高雄縣經氣象因子校正後O3月（年）平均濃度上升趨勢為13.84% (13.06%)，小於未經氣象因子校正之上升趨勢為26.10% (23.80%)。而高雄市經氣象因子校正後O3月（年）平均濃度上升趨勢為9.01% (6.88%)，小於未經氣象因子校正之上升趨勢為22.01% (19.67%)。

影響高雄地區O3濃度最主要的3個氣象因子分別為風速、日照與氣壓。

PART Ⅱ 雪山隧道空氣污染物分佈

本研究亦針對雪山隧道內空氣污染物(CO與NOx)之濃度變化及三維流場分佈，進行實測與數值模擬解析。雪山隧道總長12.9公里，隧道可分為南下（東行）與北上（西行）。本研究於2008年11月14 − 17日期間進行實際量測，以泵浦與空氣採樣袋等設備於隧道之入、出口及三個豎井採集CO與NOx，並利用自動分析儀進行定量分析。另以計算流體力學軟體(STAR-CD)進行隧道內三度空間亂流場分佈解析。

現場實測結果發現，結果顯示交通流量與污染物濃度假日皆高於平日。平均而言，空氣污染物CO濃度於南北雙向出口處(14.5 − 22.8 ppm)約為入口處3倍(3.2 − 7.3 ppm)；NOx濃度於南北雙向出口處(1.9 − 2.9 ppm)約為入口處4至5倍(0.3 − 0.8 ppm)，而通風豎井空氣污染物濃度以2號通風豎井為最高(CO = 12.3 ppm, NOx = 1.9 ppm)，1號與3號豎井次之。

三維數值模式模擬結果顯示，影響隧道內空氣流動最主要的因素為車輛移動與軸向風扇開啟。三維數值分析模式模擬結果能呈現出實際濃度分佈情形，並解析污染物於隧道斷面產生濃度層化現象，其污染物濃度由入口往出口方向逐漸增加，從地面往隧道頂端逐漸降低。模式模擬結果皆屬合理與良好。

This study separated two parts:

PART Ⅰ Meteorologically adjusted trends of ozone

Since meteorological changes strongly affect ambient ozone concentrations, trends in concentrations of ozone upon the adjustment of meteorological variations are important of evaluating emission reduction efforts. This work is to study meteorological effects on the long-term trends of ozone concentration using a multi-variable additive model in Kaohsiung. The long-term trends of ozone concentration were analyzed using the Holland model (without meteorological-adjusted) and the robust MM Regression model (with meteorological-adjusted) based on the data of eight EPA air quality stations from 1997 to 2006 in Kaohsiung area.

According to the result of the simulation, the simulated value of the robust MM-Regression model present more valid than the Holland model.The simulated results show that the long-term ozone concentration increases at 13.84% (or 13.06%) monthly (or annually) after meteorological adjustments, less than at 26.10% (or 23.80%) without meteorological adjustments in Kaohsiung county. The simulated results show that the long-term ozone concentration increases at 9.01% (or 6.88%) monthly (or annually) after meteorological adjustments, less than at 22.01% (or 19.67%) without meteorological adjustments in Kaohsiung city. Wind speed, duration of sunshine and pressure are the three dominant factors that influence the ground-level ozone levels in Kaohsiung area.

PART Ⅱ Dispersion of air pollutants in the Hsuehshan Tunnel

Concentrations of carbon monoxide (CO) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) were measured from November 14 – 17 2008 in a cross-mountain Hsuehshan traffic tunnel stretching 12.9 km and containing eastward and westward channels. Air pollutants of CO (carbon monoxide) and NOx (nitrogen oxides) will be monitored at the inlet, outlet and vertical shafts of the tunnel. Meanwhile, numerical simulation of three-dimensional turbulent flow will be performed using STAR-CD software.

Traffic and pollutant concentrations during the weekends exceeded those during the weekdays. Measured concentrations of CO at the two tunnel outlets (14.5 – 22.8 ppm) were approximately three times higher than those at the two tunnel inlets (3.2 – 7.3 ppm), while concentrations of NOx at the two tunnel outlets (1.9 – 2.9 ppm) were approximately four to five times higher than those at the two tunnel inlets (0.3 – 0.8 ppm). The outlet of vertical draft 2 had the highest pollutant concentrations (CO = 12.3 ppm; NOx = 1.9 ppm), followed by vertical drafts 1 and 3.

Three-dimensional turbulence modeling results indicate that airflow in the tunnel was primarily driven by the combined effects of axial fans and vehicles. Results of this study demonstrate that simulated pollutant concentrations increase downstream and are vertically stratified, due to tailpipe exhausts close to tunnel floor. Simulations agreed fairly well with measurements.

謝誌..............................................................................I
摘要............................................................................. 摘-1
目錄............................................................................. Ⅰ
表目錄......................................................................... Ⅴ
圖目錄......................................................................... Ⅵ

PART Ⅰ 氣象因子校正對臭氧濃度影響

第一章 前言.................................................................1-1
1.1 研究緣起................................................................1-1
1.2 研究目的................................................................1-2

第二章 文獻回顧..........................................................2-1
2.1 大高雄地區空氣趨勢變化......................................2-1
2.1.1 高高屏空品區PSI趨勢變化................................2-1
2.1.2 臭氧濃度趨勢變化..............................................2-3
2.2 大高雄地區污染物排放量概估.............................2-7
2.2.1 高雄縣..................................................................2-7
2.2.2 高雄市..................................................................2-8
2.3臭氧形成理論及影響...............................................2-12
2.4 大高雄地區氣象概述..............................................2-14
2.5 空氣品質長期趨勢相關文獻..................................2-17

第三章 研究方法............................................................3-1
3.1 研究架構與流程.......................................................3-1
3.2 臭氧長期趨勢分析方法...........................................3-2
3.2.1 未經氣象因子調整之長期趨勢分析方法............3-2
3.2.2 經氣象因子調整之長期趨勢分析方法................3-3
3.3評估工具.....................................................................3-4

第四章 結果與討論..........................................................4-1
4.1 臭氧濃度長期趨勢分析之結果................................4-1
4.1.1 未經氣象因子校正之模擬結果.............................4-1
4.1.2 加入氣象因子校正之模擬結果.............................4-5
4.2 高雄縣臭氧濃度之長期趨勢分析............................4-9
4.2.1 季節變化長期趨勢分析.........................................4-10
4.2.2 年變化長期趨勢分析.............................................4-12
4.2.2 受氣象因子影響程度分析.....................................4-12
4.3 高雄市臭氧濃度之長期趨勢分析............................4-14
4.3.1 季節變化長期趨勢分析.........................................4-14
4.3.2 年變化長期趨勢分析.............................................4-16
4.3.3 受氣象因子影響程度分析.....................................4-16

第五章 結論與建議..........................................................5-1
5.1 結論............................................................................5-1
5.2 建議............................................................................5-2

PART Ⅱ 雪山隧道空氣污染物分佈研究

第六章 前言.....................................................................6-1
6.1 研究緣起...................................................................6-1
6.2 研究目的...................................................................6-2

第七章 文獻回顧.............................................................7-1
7.1 雪山隧道概況...........................................................7-1
7.1.1 背景與幾何結構....................................................7-2
7.1.2 交通資料與特性....................................................7-4
7.1.3 空氣品質特性........................................................7-5
7.2 隧道通風系統...........................................................7-7
7.2.1 自然通風................................................................7-8
7.2.2 強制通風................................................................7-9
7.3 國內外隧道相關文獻探究.......................................7-11
7.4 模式模擬相關研究...................................................7-18
7.4.1 計算流體動力模式 ...............................................7-18
7.4.2 高斯模式................................................................7-20
7.4.3 箱型模式................................................................7-21
7.4.4 受體模式................................................................7-22

第八章 研究方法.............................................................8-1
8.1 研究架構與流程.......................................................8-1
8.2 採樣與分析方法.......................................................8-2
8.2.1 採樣規劃................................................................8-2
8.2.2 採樣儀器及設備....................................................8-3
8.2.3 分析方法................................................................8-4
8.2.4 品保與品管............................................................8-5
8.3 STAR-CD概述與模式假設......................................8-8
8.3.1 流場基本假設........................................................8-8
8.3.2 制御方程式............................................................8-9
8.3.3 紊流模式................................................................8-10
8.3.4車輛污染物排放率之推估.....................................8-13
8.3.5車行擾流效應與壁函數.........................................8-13
8.3.6模式邊界條件.........................................................8-15
8.3.7數值計算方法.........................................................8-17
8.3.8數值網格安排與收斂準則.....................................8-21
8.3.9模式與統計評估工具.............................................8-22

第九章 結果與討論.........................................................9-1
9.1隧道氣象資料及交通資料.........................................9-1
9.1.1氣象資料..................................................................9-1
9.1.2交通資料..................................................................9-6
9.2 空氣污染物時空變化................................................9-10
9.2.1 隧道污染物濃度分佈變化.....................................9-10
9.2.2 豎井污染物濃度分佈變化.....................................9-20
9.2.3 隧道污染物相關性分析.........................................9-21
9.3 雪山隧道排放係數....................................................9-22
9.4 模式模擬結果............................................................9-27
9.5 模式模擬值與實測值之比對....................................9-35
9.6 隧道內污染物擴散分佈之模擬結果........................9-37

第十章 結論與建議..........................................................10-1
10.1 結論..........................................................................10-1
10.2 建議..........................................................................10-4

參考文獻...........................................................................參-1

附錄A 雪山隧道採樣資料.............................................附A-1
附錄B 雪山隧道交通資料.............................................附B-1
附錄C 作者簡歷............................................................附C-1

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