本篇論文利用修飾不同分子的功能性金奈米粒子（Gold nanoparticles, AuNPs）做為感測器及濃縮萃取試劑，偵測重金屬離子及生物分子。
一、 以修飾5-硫基-（2-硝基苯甲酸）之金奈米粒子之比色試驗做為六價鉻感測器：本篇研究利用5-Thio-(2-nitrobenzoic acid)修飾於金奈米粒子表面(5-Thio-(2-nitrobenzoic acid)-capped gold nanoparticles, TNBA-AuNPs)，做為移除劑與感測器，於Cr(III)存在下對Cr(VI)開發出一套操作簡單、容易分離且具備選擇性與靈敏度的偵測方法。TNBA-AuNPs於Cr(Ⅵ)水溶液中，因TNBA-AuNPs的carboxyl與帶負電的Cr(VI)之間會有很強的靜電斥力，使得TNBA-AuNPs以分散形式呈現；而於Cr(Ⅲ)水溶液中，TNBA-AuNPs表面的Carboxyl和Nitryl官能基會選擇性與Cr(III)進行配位，促使TNBA-AuNPs聚集。根據此特性，TNBA-AuNPs可有效吸附Cr(Ⅲ)將其移除，移除率大於90%。因此，當溶液中含有TNBA-AuNPs、Cr(Ⅲ)和Cr(Ⅵ)，可藉由離心機將Cr(Ⅲ)和Cr(Ⅵ)分離於沉澱物與上清液中，此時，上清液可使用還原劑—維他命C（Ascorbic acid, AA）將Cr(Ⅵ)還原成Cr(Ⅲ)，再利用TNBA-AuNPs的比色試驗（Colorimetry）對Cr(VI)進行定量分析。本篇研究對於偵測Cr(Ⅵ)與其他重金屬離子比較，選擇性高達1000倍，Cr(Ⅵ)最低可偵測的濃度（Minimum detectable concentration﹐MDC）為1 μM。此外，TNBA-AuNPs也可做為感應耦合電漿質譜分析(Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, ICP-MS)分析鉻物種的前處理試劑。最後，本篇研究也證實此方法可成功分析飲用水、自來水、湖水和河水中的Cr(Ⅵ)含量。
二、 結合氟界面活性劑的金奈米粒子濃縮萃取和鄰苯二醛之螢光衍生法來檢測血漿中同半胱胺酸的總量、自由量、氧化態和蛋白質上的吸附量：此部分的研究中，使用三(2-羰基乙基)磷鹽酸鹽（Tris（2-carboxyethyl）phosphine, TCEP）做為雙硫鍵還原試劑、修飾氟界面活性劑的金奈米粒子（FSN-capped gold nanoparticles﹐FSN-AuNPs）為濃縮萃取的探針及磷苯二醛（o-Phthaldialdehyde, OPA）為衍生試劑，結合三者開發一套操作簡單、具備選擇性與靈敏度的系統來檢測人體血漿中同半胱胺酸（Homocysteine﹐HCys）的總量、自由量、氧化態及蛋白質上的吸附量。TCEP用來將蛋白質上及氧化態HCys的雙硫鍵還原成硫醇基；修飾FSN之AuNPs可穩定分散於高鹽類溶液中且無非特異性吸附現象，因此，可以從複雜的基質樣品中萃取HCys；而HCys不需任何親核試劑（Nucleophile）即可與OPA進行衍生反應。綜合以上特性，本篇研究系統對HCys與同型胱胺酸（Homocystine, HCys-HCys, diHCys）的選擇性高於其他胺基硫醇的100倍。在最適化條件下，HCys及diHCys的偵測極限（訊號/雜訊＝3）分別為4.4 nM及4.6 nM，與其他感測器比較，本篇研究系統能將偵測HCys時的靈敏度提升3-300倍。而在檢測人體血漿中不同型態的HCys時，則先藉由TCEP進行還原反應，最後，成功應用於檢測人體血漿中HCys的總量、自由量、氧化態及蛋白質上的吸附量。因此，本篇研究系統為首次成功應用於檢測人體血漿中不同型態的HCys，且HCys的偵測極限皆低於其他感測器。

一、Role of 5-thio-(2-nitrobenzoic acid)-capped gold nanoparticles in the sensing of chromium(VI): remover and sensor
This study describes a simple, rapid method for sensing Cr(VI) using 5-thio-(2-nitrobenzoic acid) modified gold nanoparticles (TNBA-AuNPs) as a remover for Cr(III) and as a sensor for Cr(VI). We discovered that TNBA-AuNPs were dispersed in the presence of Cr(VI), whereas Cr(III) induced the aggregation of TNBA-AuNPs. Due to this phenomenon, TNBA-AuNPs can be used as a sorbent material for the removal of > 90% Cr(III), without removing Cr(VI). After centrifuging a solution containing Cr(III), Cr(VI), and TNBA-AuNPs, Cr(III) and Cr(VI) were separately present in the precipitate and supernatant. In other words, TNBA-AuNPs are capable of separating a mixture of Cr(III) and Cr(VI). The addition of ascorbic acid to the supernatant resulted in a reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III), driving the aggregation of TNBA-AuNPs. The selectivity of this approach is more than 1000-fold for Cr(VI) over other metal ions. The minimum detectable concentration of Cr(VI) was 1 μM using this approach. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry provided an alternative for the quantification of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) after a mixture of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) had been separated by TNBA-AuNPs. The applicability of this approach was validated through the analysis of Cr(VI) in drinking and tap water.
二、Fluorescent Sensing of Total, Protein-bound, Free, and Oxidized Homocysteine in Plasma through the Combination of Tris(2-carboxyethyl)Phosphine Reduction, Fluorosurfactant-Capped Gold Nanoparticles Extraction, and o-Phthaldialdehyde Derivatization
This study reports a simple, selective, and sensitive method for fluorescent detection of total, protein-bound, free, and oxidized homocysteine (HCys) using tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine (TCEP) as a reducing agent, fluorosurfactant-capped gold nanoparticles (FSN-AuNP) as a preconcentrating probe, and o-Phthaldialdehyde (OPA) as a derivatizing agent. TCEP was used to reduce the disulfide bonds of protein-bound and oxidized HCys. FSN-AuNPs were capable of extracting HCys from a complicated complex because the FSN capping layer can stabilize the AuNPs in a high-salt solution and inhibit non-specific adsorption. HCys was selectively derivatized with OPA in the absence of a nucleophile. By taking advantage of these features, the selectivity of the proposed system is greater than 100-fold for HCys and homocystine (HCys-HCys disulfide; diHCys) compared to any aminothiols. The limits of detection (LODs) for HCys and diHCys were 4.4 and 4.6 nM, respectively. Compared to other sensors, the proposed system provides an approximately 3-300-fold improvement in the detection of HCys. Different forms of plasma HCys were determined by varying the order of disulfide reduction with TCEP. The proposed system was successfully applied to determine the total, protein-bound, free, and oxidized HCys in plasma. To the best of our knowledge, the proposed system not only provides the first method for detecting various forms of plasma HCys, but also has the lowest LOD value for HCys when compared to other sensors.

摘要 i
目錄 vi
圖目錄 viii
表目錄 x
縮寫表 xi
第一章、以修飾5-硫基-（2-硝基苯甲酸）之金奈米粒子之比色試驗做為六價鉻感測器
一、前言 1
二、藥品與方法 5
2.1藥品與溶液配製 5
2.2儀器裝置 7
2.3 TNBA-AuNPs之合成方法 9
2.4樣品溶液配製 10
2.5真實樣品之配製與偵測11
三、結果與討論 12
3.1 TNBA-AuNPs做為Cr(VI)的感測器 12
3.2 TNBA-AuNPs做為Cr(III)的移除劑 19
3.3選擇性、靈敏度及應用 24
四、結論 39
五、參考文獻 40
第二章、結合氟界面活性劑的金奈米粒子濃縮萃取和鄰苯二醛之螢光衍生法來檢測血漿中同半胱胺酸的總量、自由量、氧化態和蛋白質上的吸附量
一、前言43
二、藥品與方法 48
2.1藥品與溶液配製 48
2.2儀器裝置 51
2.3 FSN-AuNPs之合成方法 53
2.4萃取流程 54
2.5分析人體血漿中HCys的總量、自由量、氧化態與蛋白質上的吸附量…55
（一）HCys總量、蛋白質上吸附量及自由量的檢測 55
（二）氧化態的HCys含量檢測 56
2.6 螢光偏極化免疫法 58
三、結果與討論 59
3.1 利用FNS-AuPs萃取diHCys 59
3.2還原試劑、FNS-AuNPs濃度與反應時間的探討 63
3.3選擇性與靈敏度 66
3.4人體血漿中不同HCys型態的定量分析 74
四、結論 81
五、參考文獻 82

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