石首魚在繁殖季節時會藉由發音肌震動泳鰾而發出聲音，此科大部分為海水種，只有少數為淡水種。海水種與淡水種石首魚繁殖季節時的聲音特徵顯少被討論，此文以目前記錄中西印度太平洋唯一一種淡水石首魚，並出沒在泰國淡水流域的小鱗波曼石首魚(Boesemania microlepis)來分析其聲音特徵及相關資料，並和海水種作比較。然而根據泰國當地人指出，除了小鱗波曼石首魚外，還有一種和小鱗波曼石首魚同域，但體表明顯較為金黃色的另一種石首魚，故本文討論次種金黃色和小鱗波曼石首魚的基因變異度。此外，小鱗波曼石首魚發音肌的二形性也會被檢驗。養殖場中的小鱗波曼石首魚於生殖季節的聲音活動週期亦連續三晚被記錄，野外河流中的錄音亦被監聽並分析。於養殖場的錄音顯示發聲活動三晚皆有日的週期性，並於太陽西下後的一至兩小時達到高峰。小鱗波曼石首魚的聲音長度有125.7毫秒，聲音所含脈衝數量約15個，主頻率為 1610.6 赫茲，較其他海水種高。根據演化分類樹推測，小鱗波曼石首魚和金黃石手魚為不同種，其基因變異度接近10%。解剖結果顯示小鱗波曼石首魚的發音肌有二形性，只有雄魚具有發音肌；聲音相關的特性被認為是對淡水環境的適應。

The teleost family Sciaenidae is well known for vocalization during the spawning season. Most of them live in marine and esturies, but some are restricted to freshwater environment. The difference of sound between marine and freshwater species has seldom been discussed. In this study, Boesmania microlepis, the only freshwater species occurs in Indo-west Pacific was chosen to analyze its sound characteristics, diel vocal activity and to the former compare with that of marine species. According to local people in Thailand, there is a sympatric with B. microlepis sciaenid that seemed to be different species from B. microlepis with golden hue on its body. The genetic difference between the two species was deciphered. The sounds of captive B. microlepis vocalization in cement tanks were recorded for three evenings. The sounds in the field were also recorded and analyzed. The sonic muscle and swimbladder structure of the two “species” were examined. The recordings showed a clear diel activity with a peak after the sunset. The average length of sound in B. microlepis was 125.7ms and comprised a train of pulses with a mean of 15 pulses. The dominant frequency is 1610.6 Hz, which is higher than the big-snout croaker and other marine species. The phylogenetic tree inferred from COI gene showed B. microlepis and the golden sciaenid are different species with nearly 10% of genetic variation. The dissection showed sexual dimorphism of the sonic muscle of B. microlepis with only the male possessing it. Some soniferous features were considered adaptive to freshwater environment.

Introduction ...………………………………………………………………………..… 1
Material and methods ...…………………………………………………………………6
2.1 Study species ...………………………………………………………………..6
2.2 Recording of sounds ...……………………………………………………...…6
2.3 Sound analysis ...………………………………………………………………7
2.4 Sonic muscle observation ...…………………………………………………...7
2.5 Swimbladder observation of the golden sciaenid ..…………………………...9
2.6 Molecular analysis ...………………………………………………………….9
2.7 PCR condition………………………………………………………………..10
2.8 Taxonomic sampling and sequence analysis ...………………………………11
Results ...……………………………………………………………………………….12
3.1 Sound characteristics ...………………………………………………………12
3.1.1 Sound characteristics of Boesmania micorlepis in Chainat
Propagation ………………………………………………………….12
3.1.2 Temporal change in vocal activity…………………...………………13
3.1.3 Sound characteristics from the field ...………………………………13
3.1.4 Comparison between sounds of B. microlepis and sounds from the
field ..………………………………………...………...……………14
3.2 Sonic muscle ...………………………………………………………………14
3.2.1 Sonic muscle dimorphism …...………………………………………14
3.2.2 Histological characteristics of the sonic muscle ...…………………..15
3.3 Swimbladder examination ...…………………………………………………15
3.4 Genetic difference of B. microlepis and the golden sciaenid ...……………...15
Discussion …………………………………………………………………………...…16
4.1 Sound characteristics ………………………………………………………...16
4.1.1 Differences in sound characteristics ……………………………...…16
4.1.2 Diel vocal activity ……………………………………………...…...18
4.1.3 Sounds from the field recording …………………………………….18
4.2 The sonic muscle observation ……………………………………………….19
4.2.1 Sonic muscle sexual dimorphism …………………………………...19
4.2.2 Sonic muscle cross section …………………………….……………20
4.3 The swim bladder observation of the golden sciaenid ………………………20
4.4 Taxonomic status and vocalization of the golden sciaenid ………………….20
References ……………………………………………………………………………..22

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