為了達成下一世代高速資料傳輸，高速與高效率光調變器在光連結中為主要關鍵技術，因此本論文重點將著重於光調變器之研究，本論文提出一鏈狀式結構整合電致光吸收調變器(EAM)、半導體光放大器(SOA)與高阻抗傳輸線(HITL)同時達成寬頻、高效率之優點並實現頻擾控制之訊號處理。
隨著調變頻率不斷的提高，當微波波長接近元件長度時，此微波訊號於波導上傳遞之行為將深深的影響光電之交互作用，此分佈式效應在元件設計上略顯重要。有別於傳統光電響應，微波損耗、阻抗不匹配、光電速度不匹配和由於阻抗不匹配所造成駐波特性與相位失真等問題造成元件設計之頻寬與效率之相互制衡。在鏈狀式結構中結合低阻抗之EAM與HITL將可對相位與阻抗匹配之分佈光電作用進行設計，使得元件頻寬達到微波損耗之物理極限，且在鏈狀式結構中，整合EAM與SOA於單一晶片上並達成光增益之特性。本文中實驗與理論驗證鏈狀式元件有效的改善傳統EAM之特性，其光電響應之頻寬達47GHz、微波反射從直流到65GHz皆低於-10dB、13.5dB光增益與15dB/V之高調變效率，並驗證達成高速40Gb/s之資料傳輸。
在整合SOA中，利用其自我相位調變(SPM)之非線性特性於系統傳輸中將可達成頻擾補償之光調變訊號，在電場驅動之EAM中，頻擾可藉由其工作偏壓控制，且並可利用EAM與SOA之相反的載子動態行為補償為了利用SOA控制頻擾所造成之非線性編碼失真之問題。實驗中，負頻擾達到-6.2GHz，其中-2.6GHz是由SOA補償所產生，由於低編碼相依之訊號處理，訊雜比從8.8改善到10.8，最後利用10Gb/s之訊號驗證43km之資料傳輸。
此外，編碼相依補償之技術並推廣到訊號重製技術中，於全光訊號放大與整形技術發展中克服材料速度之極限，利用非線性S型轉換曲線改善訊號之訊雜比，並驗證於40Gb/s之資料傳輸系統，說明此技術適用於高速全光網路。

High-speed high-efficiency optical modulation has become one of the key technologies in enabling next-generation optical data transmission, motivating fundamental research into optical modulators. In this dissertation, a cascaded integration (CI) of electroabsorption modulator (EAM) and semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) with a by-passing high-impedance transmission line (HITL) is developed for broadband, high-efficiency, and pre-chirp optical processing.
As the modulation frequency is increased to the point that the microwave wavelength is of the order of the length of the device, the effect of the propagation of an electrical wave on the electrical-to-optical (EO) interaction will become significant, so designing to take into account the its distributive effect on optical modulation is important. Unlike the conventional EO response of a point-like structure design, wave interactions, such as propagation loss, phase mismatch, and wave reflection that is induced by impedance mismatch at boundaries require that a design trade-off be made between modulation speed and efficiency. An impedance mismatch between the intrinsic waveguide structure (typically ~20Ω) and the 50Ω loaded impedance can result in the high field standing wave effect and strong phase distortion, limiting the properties of the modulator. In the CI structure, the series integration of EAM and HITL supports phase and impedance matching in the distributive EO interaction. Therefore, the EO bandwidth can be pushed to the limit for microwaves, i.e. propagation loss. Also the CI structure allows segmental SOAs to be monolithically integrated with segmental EAMs and performs optical gain processing. Experimental and theoretical results have demonstrated a flat EO response in the form of a -3dB drop at 47GHz, a -10dB microwave reflection from DC to 65 GHz, an optical gain of 13.5dB, all of which represent a large improvement over the conventional EAM. Such a design yields a high modulation efficiency of over 15dB/V and a modulation of 40Gb/s can be obtained without sacrificing the speed.
With the integration of SOA into EAM, the nonlinear effect of SOA, self-phase modulation, can be exploited for transmit data, allowing pattern control and pre-chirp optical modulation. In a field-driven EAM, the frequency chirp can be controlled by setting the bias points of the EAM, and the inherently contrary sweeping dynamic in the EAM can balance the carrier-recombination limit in a current driving SOA. A total negative chirp of 6.2GHz is obtained from the EAM and the SOA, and a -2.6GHz frequency shift from SOA is observed. The low-pattern-effect signal process improves the SNR from 8.8 to 10.8. Finally, a 10Gb/s non-return-to-zero with a 43 km error-free data transmission is demonstrated.
The signal process of the eliminated pattern effect is used in signal regeneration. All-optical reamplification and reshaping (2R) regeneration is developed, and the limitation on the material speed from carrier dynamic in this field can be eliminated. An S-sharp transfer function to improve SNR and a 40Gb/s data transmission is demonstrated, revealing that the method is suitable for use in a high-speed all-optical network.

Acknowledgements i
Abstract ii
Publication v
1. Introduction
1.1 Background: optical interfaces and optical modulators 1
1.2 Various types of modulators and their functions 4
1.3 Bandwidth and efficiency limitation of electroabsorption modulator 6
1.4 Limiting transmission distance and frequency chirp 8
1.5 Proposed Cascaded Integration (CI) structure 10
1.6 Dissertation outline 12
References 13
2. High-speed characteristics of cascaded integration of EAM and SOA with by-bass HITL
2.1 Microwave characteristics and circuit models 19
2.2 Electrical-field distribution engineering 26
2.3 Phase evolution and velocity matching 32
2.4 Characteristics of CI structure 39
2.5 Summary 42
References 42
3. Characteristics of material use in pre-chirp modulation
3.1 Frequency Chirp and wave propagation in fiber 44
3.2 Free carrier effects and Kramer-Kronig relations 47
3.3 Models of gain and absorption 50
3.4 Optical absorption in QW EAM 53
3.5 Optical gain in QW SOA 58
3.6 Carrier dynamics and low-pattern-effect signal process 66
3.7 Summary 69
References 69
4. Fabrication and Measurement
4.1 Device fabrication 72
4.2 Measurements for DC optical characterization 75
4.3 High-speed Measurements 78
Summary 84
5. Data transmission for metropolitan area network
5.1 Characteristics of saturation behavior 85
5.2 Chirp measurement 87
5.3 Pattern-effect analysis 92
5.4 Data transmission 93
5.5 Summary 96
References 96
6. Application: all-optical 2R regeneration
6.1 Introduction 97
6.2 Experiment 100
6.3 Summary 108
References 108
7. Conclusion and further work
7.1 Conclusion 111
7.2 Further work 112
References 114

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Chapter 6:
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Chapter 7:
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