多國籍企業子公司自主權與主導行為影響因素之研究
以多國籍企業在台子公司為例
摘 要
國際企業研究焦點已由以往強調多國籍企業（MNC）母公司觀點逐漸轉移為跨國網絡觀點，在網絡觀點下，網絡的上的節點，即MNC子公司所扮演的角色與所執行的功能逐漸受到重視，有些子公司已不再扮演被動接受MNC母公司命令之接受者角色，而躍升至更積極的全球整合者或是產品主導者角色。台灣經濟經過五十年來的發展，許多在台多國籍企業子公司所扮演的角色已經有所轉變，因此這些多國籍企業在台子公司之行為是值得探討的。
本研究所關注的焦點為子公司的自主權與主導行為（initiative）之決定因素。子公司自主權的定義為MNC母公司授權給子公司自行作決策的程度；子公司主導行為的定義為子公司自發性創新行為之成果，而此種行為不是MNC母公司所規定子公司必須要執行的。子公司自主權顯示出子公司獨立運作之能力，而主導行為的產生更表示子公司能夠對MNC整體做出重要的貢獻
本研究從MNC母—子公司間關係特質、子公司依賴MNC程度、子公司本身資源特質以及子公司在MNC網絡中之特質，即子公司角色四大觀點檢視對子公司自主權與主導行為之影響。分別使用程序公平理論、資源依賴理論、資源基礎觀點以及網絡觀點探討自變數對於子公司自主權與主導行為之影響。
本研究使用問卷調查方式收集資料，母體來源為鄧白式公司所出版的2000年在台外資企業名錄，所調查的產業為製造業以及非金融業之服務業，MNC母公司掌控子公司50%以上之股權、規模為30個人以上，運作時間為一年以上之多國籍企業在台子公司。本研究利用區別分析得到MNC內子公司之角色，並且利用多元迴歸分析、共變異數分析檢視前述自變數對於子公司自主權與主導行為之影響。在分析67家MNC在台子公司之後，研究結果顯示MNC母公司對子公司程序公平程度、子公司與MNC整合程度、子公司當地回應程度，也就是子公司角色以及子公司相對能力對於子公司自主權有顯著影響；而MNC母公司對子公司程序公平程度、子公司知識資源依賴MNC程度、MNC掌控子公司股權比例、子公司興業精神程度、子公司相對能力、子公司當地回應程度以及子公司自主權程度對於子公司主導行為有顯著之影響。
本研究結果顯示MNC內子公司的行為是受到子公司在MNC網絡內之角色而定，因此驗證MNC網絡觀點；然而，MNC母—子關係特質對於子公司行為仍有相當之影響，特別是程序公平程度；此外，子公司本身的能力與興業精神亦對於子公司行為有相當之影響。因此本研究呼應了Birkinshaw一系列研究中認為子公司的行為是同時受到母公司因素、子公司因素以及當地環境因素三大因素之影響以及子公司研究之三大主軸觀點。此外，本研究亦回應學者對於子公司主導行為之較大樣本統計研究以及MNC在開發中國家子公司行為探討研究之呼籲。

The Determinants of MNC Subsidiary’s Autonomy and Initiative
An Empirical Study of MNC Subsidiary in Taiwan

Abstract
The research focus of MNC subsidiary has been transferred from HQ perspective to transnational network perspective. Under network perspective, MNC subsidiary’s role and function have been widely recognized. Some subsidiaries do not play a receptive role dictated from HQ, but leap to an international player or product mandate. Through fifty years economic development, the MNC Taiwan subsidiary’s role has been changed. Therefore, it is worthy to study the MNC Taiwan subsidiary’s behavior.

This thesis focuses on the determinants of subsidiary’s autonomy and initiative. We define the subsidiary autonomy as the level to which the HQ delegate and the subsidiary initiative as the result of subsidiary’s autonomous innovation. The subsidiary autonomy demonstrates the subsidiary’s ability to operate independently. The subsidiary initiative exhibits the subsidiary can contribute to the whole MNC.

This research utilizes the HQ—subsidiary dyadic relationship characteristics, the level to which subsidiary’s dependence on MNC, the subsidiary’s resource and subsidiary’s network characteristics as the explanatory variables to examine the effects on subsidiary’s autonomy and initiative. The rationales of the hypotheses include procedure justice theory, resource dependence perspective, resource based view and MNC network perspective.

This research uses survey to collect data. The population is the list of foreign enterprises in Taiwan published by Dun and Bradstreet, 2000. The subsidiaries belong to manufacturing industry and non-financial service industry. The subsidiaries are owned by foreign MNC. Its scale is above 30 people and its operation time must exceed one year. We use cluster analysis to formulate the subsidiary role, and use multi-regression and ANCOVA analysis to examine the effects of independent variables on subsidiary’s autonomy and initiative. After analyzing 67 MNC’s Taiwan subsidiaries, the results reveal that HQ’s procedure justice, subsidiary’s integration with MNC, the subsidiary’s local responsiveness and subsidiary’s relative capability have influence on subsidiary autonomy. In addation, HQ’s procedure justice, subsidiary’s dependence of knowledge resource on MNC, subsidiary’s ownership structure, subsidiary’s entrepreneurship level, subsidiary’s relative capability, subsidiary’s local responsiveness and subsidiary autonomy can affect the subsidiary initiative.

These results assert that the subsidiary’s role is highly influenced by its position in MNC network. Therefore this finding coincides with MNC network perspective. However, while examining the subsidiary’s behavior, we still can’t neglect the effects of HQ-subsidiary dyadic relationship and subsidiary’s intrinsic characteristic, its resource. Therefore, these dissertation results respond to Birkinshaw’s perspective. The subsidiary behavior is simultaneously influenced by HQ, subsidiary and local environment. Moreover, these research findings also correspond to the three subsidiary research stream, including HQ-subsidiary relationship, subsidiary role and subsidiary evolution. Finally, by conducting this research in Taiwan, this results also reply the researchers’ attention on the MNC subsidiaries in the developing countries.

章 節 目 錄
第一章 緒論

第一節 研究動機………………………………………………………… 15
第二節 研究目的………………………………………………………… 17
第三節 章節結構………………………………………………………… 20

第二章 文獻探討

第一節 多國籍企業存在與成長之理論………………………………… 21
第二節 多國籍企業研究之網絡觀點…………………………………… 23
第三節 多國籍企業子公司之研究觀點………………………………… 30
第四節 多國籍企業子公司研究--母子公司間關係觀點………………. 31
第五節 多國籍企業研究子公司觀點與子公司角色之研究…………… 31
第六節 多國籍企業子公司研究--子公司演化觀點……………………. 34
第七節 子公司自主權之研究…………………………………………… 38
第八節 子公司主導行為之研究………………………………………… 41
第九節 國際企業文獻理論對子公司自主權與主導行為的意涵……… 46
第十節 本論文研究議題………………………………………………… 47

第三章 研究假設

第一節 研究架構之建立………………………………………………… 51
第二節 研究假設之建立………………………………………………… 58
假設1-1……………………………………………………….. 58
假設1-2……………………………………………………….. 58
假設2-1……………………………………………………….. 59
假設2-2a……………………………………………………… 61
假設2-2b……………………………………………………… 61
假設3-1……………………………………………………….. 62
假設3-2……………………………………………………….. 63
假設4-1……………………………………………………….. 65
假設4-2……………………………………………………….. 66
假設4-3……………………………………………………….. 67
假設5-1……………………………………………………….. 69
假設5-2……………………………………………………….. 70
假設6-1……………………………………………………….. 71
假設6-2……………………………………………………….. 72
假設7-1……………………………………………………….. 72
假設7-2……………………………………………………….. 73
假設8-1……………………………………………………….. 75
假設8-2……………………………………………………….. 75
假設8-3……………………………………………………….. 77
假設9…………………………………………………………. 78

第四章 研究設計與研究方法

第一節 研究對象的選擇………………………………………………… 82
第二節 問卷發展過程與資料收集……………………………………… 82
第三節 研究變數的操作性定義………………………………………… 83
第四節 統計分析方法…………………………………………………… 90
第五節 研究變數效度與信度分析……………………………………… 90

第五章 研究結果分析與討論

第一節 樣本基本分析…………………………………………………… 92
第二節 子公司角色分類………………………………………………… 103
第三節 子公司自主權影響因素實證結果……………………………… 104
假設1-1……………………………………………………….. 105
假設1-2……………………………………………………….. 105
假設2-1……………………………………………………….. 105
假設2-2a……………………………………………………… 106
假設2-2b……………………………………………………… 106
假設3-1……………………………………………………….. 107
假設3-2……………………………………………………….. 108
假設4-1……………………………………………………….. 108
假設4-2……………………………………………………….. 109
第四節 子公司主導行為影響因素實證結果…………………………… 113
假設5-1……………………………………………………….. 114
假設5-2……………………………………………………….. 114
假設6-1……………………………………………………….. 115
假設6-2……………………………………………………….. 116
假設7-1……………………………………………………….. 116
假設7-2……………………………………………………….. 116
假設8-1……………………………………………………….. 116
假設8-2……………………………………………………….. 117
假設8-3……………………………………………………….. 118
假設9…………………………………………………………. 119

第六章 研究結論與建議

第一節 本研究自變數對應變數影響…………………………………… 125
第二節 本研究對於子公司研究主軸之意涵…………………………… 130
第三節 MNC網絡型組織之特質……………………………………….. 131
第四節 子公司的主導行為……………………………………………… 139
第五節 本研究其他探討議題…………………………………………… 142
第六節 對台灣企業之意涵……………………………………………… 145
第七節 研究限制………………………………………………………… 146
第八節 未來研究之方向與建議………………………………………… 146

附錄一 個案探討………………………………………………………. 148
附錄二 本研究問卷………………………………………………….... 154
參考文獻 …………………………………………………………………… 161

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