摘要

本研究探討壽山地區臺灣獼猴警戒聲與其功能，自然情境下的警戒行為與叫聲記錄包含137次5分鐘掃描取樣與129次完整之20分鐘所有事件取樣。測試實驗包含43次成功之警戒物測試與87次成功之再播放實驗。自然情境引發警戒聲之事件包括：遭遇狗、遊客手持柺杖、彈弓或石塊威嚇、其他獼猴社群、汽機車經過、飛機飛過與無法確認之警戒物。這些警戒聲大部分是對狗所產生的（63.46﹪），其平均頻度為0.78次/ 10hrs。
警戒物測試中，警戒物類型（狗、人手持彈弓威嚇、模型蛇1與模型蛇2）、獼猴性別年齡層（成年雄猴、成年雌猴、幼猴與嬰猴）與獼猴所在位置高度類別（地面、＞0且＜1m、1m與≧2m）會影響臺灣獼猴之行為反應（p＜0.01）。行為反應計分由3至0依次為移動大於等於5倍身長的距離或爬上樹、移動小於5倍身長內的距離、受測對象轉向看著發聲者方向及沒有反應。以狗測試時，臺灣獼猴的反應最強烈，其行為反應計分高於人手持彈弓威嚇、模型蛇1與模型蛇2者（p＜0.05）。以狗測試時，四組獼猴性別年齡層對臺灣獼猴警戒聲發聲率（次/隻）有顯著影響（p＜0.01），且以成年雄猴之平均發聲率最高。以人手持彈弓威嚇與模型蛇測試時，成年雌雄猴躲避敵害的方式為逃離（69.91﹪）與爬上樹（8.02﹪），而在以狗測試時，成年雌雄猴之反應依序為31.52﹪與48.47﹪。警戒物測試時，四組性別年齡層獼猴之平均行為反應計分值由高至低，依序為嬰猴、幼猴、成年雌猴與雄猴，且此四平均值均有顯著差異（p＜0.05）。
臺灣獼猴遭遇四種類型警戒物時，其發出之警戒聲在頻譜圖上極為相似，而以典型鑑別分析四種類型警戒聲之六項聲音基本特性（最高、最低與中間基礎頻率，最低與顛峰頻率及持續時間）顯示出對狗與人手持彈弓威嚇之警戒聲可與模型蛇1及模型蛇2區別。警戒物類型顯著影響成年雌猴與幼猴警戒聲之中間與最高基礎頻率（p＜0.01），但其對成年雄猴與嬰猴警戒聲之九項基本特性影響並不顯著。成年雌猴與幼猴對狗之警戒聲在中間與最高基礎頻率皆顯著低於對模型蛇2者。
再播放實驗中，臺灣獼猴性別年齡層、警戒聲類型（對狗、人手持彈弓威嚇、模型蛇1 與模型蛇2之警戒聲）與所在位置高度類別對獼猴行為反應有顯著影響（p＜0.01）。四組性別年齡層獼猴之平均行為反應計分值由高至低，依序為嬰猴、幼猴、成年雌猴與成年雄猴，且此四平均值均有顯著差異（p＜0.05）。臺灣獼猴對播放狗的警戒聲時，其平均行為反應計分值高對模型蛇1與模型蛇2者（p＜0.05）。再播放實驗中，獼猴所居位置較高（≧2公尺）時，多以原地警戒或無反應，其平均行為反應計分值最低，其低於獼猴在地面與所居位置較低處（＞0且＜1公尺與1公尺者, p＜0.05）。成年雄猴與雌猴對四種類型警戒聲再播放之行為反應計分均顯著高於對控制組’’Coo’’者（p＜0.05）。

Abstract
This study analyzed the alarm calls of Formosan macaques and their functions from Mt. Longevity. Under the natural condition, 137 five-minute scan sampling and 129 completely 20-minute all occurrence sampling were collected to record behaviors and the alarm calls. In addition, 43 stimulus (predator) tests and 87 playback experiments were successfully conducted from September 2002 to March 2003. Incidents that triggered alarm calls included: the confrontation with dogs, threats from travelers with a cane, slingshots, or stones, encounters with other troops of macaques, passing-by motors or mobile cars, airplanes flying above, and some unrecognizable factors. Under the natural condition, most of the alarm calls produced by Formosan macaques were responds toward dogs (63.46%), with the average frequency of 0.78 times/10hrs.
In the predator tests, types of stimulus (dog, human with slingshot, m-snake1 and m-snake2), sex/age classes (adult male, adult female, juvenile, and infant), and the position of macaques (0m, <1m, 1m, and ≧2m) had great influence on the behavioral response of macaques (p<0.01). The response scores were from 3 to 0 (move away more than 5 times body length or climbed to tree, move away up to 5 times body length, visual orientation towards the predator and no apparent response). The average response score of macaques to dogs was the highest one, far above threats from a person with a slingshot, m-snake1 and m-snake 2 (p<0.05). When Formosan macaques confront dogs, the vocal frequency (time/individual) to the alarm call had great influence on sex/age classes of macaques (p<0.01), and the average alarm call frequency was highest from adult males. When human with slingshots and m-snake were predators, majority of the adult males and females adopted run-away (69.91﹪), while very few climbed up trees (8.02﹪) to prevent from any harm caused by predators. However, they ran away (31.52%) or climbed up trees (48.47%) in response to dogs in different proportions. The average response score of macaques, from high to low, was from infant, juvenile, adult female and adult male, and the differences were significant (p<0.05).
When Formosan macaques encounter these four types of predators, their alarm calls were quite similar in the spectrographs. The six basic vocal characteristics (maximal, median and minimal fundamental frequency, lowest and peak frequency and duration), analyzed by canonical discriminate analysis, indicated that alarm calls of Formosan macaques confront dogs and human with slingshots could be distinguished from snake models. The four types of predators had significant effects at the median and maximal fundamental frequency of the basic vocal characteristics from adult females and juveniles (p<0.01). But there was no difference in the nine basic vocal characteristics of alarm calls from adult males and infants toward four types of predators. The alarm calls of adult females and juveniles toward dogs in the median and maximal fundamental frequency both were significantly lower than those from m-snake1.
In the playback experiments, sex/age classes, types of the alarm calls toward stimulus (dogs, travelers with slingshots, m-snake1 and m-snake 2) and the position of macaques had significant effects on their behavioral responses (p<0.01). The average response score of macaques in playbacks, from high to low, was from infant, juvenile, adult female, and the adult male, and the differences were significant (p<0.05). When the alarm call caused by dogs played back, the average response score of macaques was higher than the alarm calls stimulated by m-snake1 and m-snake 2 (P<0.05). In the playback experiments, when macaques at a higher place (≧2m), they often visually orientated towards the predator or no apparent response whit a lowest response score. The average response scores of the adult males and females toward four types of alarm calls (playback) were higher than the control ones (p<0.05).

目錄

誌謝…………………………………………………………i
摘要…………………………………………………………ii
Abstract………………………………………………………iv
目錄…………………………………………………………vi

前言…………………………………………………………1
材料方法……………………………………………………4
一、研究地點與對象………………………………………4
二、實驗設計與記錄………………………………………5
三、行為測量與統計………………………………………9
結果………………………………………………………12
一、自然情境的警戒聲與行為…………………………12
二、警戒物測試…………………………………………15
三、不同類型警戒聲頻譜與特性………………………20
四、再播放實驗…………………………………………23
討論………………………………………………………28
參考資料…………………………………………………32
表…………………………………………………………36
圖…………………………………………………………50
圖版………………………………………………………67

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