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論文名稱 Title |
添加不同比例之生質柴油及固定氫氧混合氣對柴油引
擎多環芳香烴排放特徵之研究 Emission Characteristics of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons from a Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine mixed with constant H2/O2 and diesel/Biodiesel blends |
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系所名稱 Department |
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畢業學年期 Year, semester |
語文別 Language |
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學位類別 Degree |
頁數 Number of pages |
147 |
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研究生 Author |
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指導教授 Advisor |
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召集委員 Convenor |
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口試委員 Advisory Committee |
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口試日期 Date of Exam |
2012-06-13 |
繳交日期 Date of Submission |
2012-06-26 |
關鍵字 Keywords |
年排放量、排放因子、柴油引擎、生質柴油、多環芳香烴 Annual emission, Emission Factor, Diesel Engine, PAHs, Biodiesel |
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統計 Statistics |
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中文摘要 |
本研究固定氫氧進氣量60 L/min,並以基礎石化柴油(Premium diesel fuel, PDF)及分別添加生質柴油5% (B5)、10% (B10)、20% (B20) 及30% (B30),進行柴油引擎排放多環芳香烴(PAHs)特徵及生質柴油 對傳統污染物減量之研究。研究採穩態循環,引擎運轉轉速為1,600 rpm 與扭矩為145 Nm,對引擎所排放廢氣中進行21 種PAHs 採樣及 分析。 柴油引擎於PDF排放總PAHs濃度為22.42 μg/m3,分別添加生質 柴油B5、B10、B20 及B30,其總PAHs排放濃度分別為20.11、17.28、 13.45 及13.13 μg/m3;排放係數分別為1334.53、1198.82、986.05、 771.93 及748.82 μg/bhp-hr;在添加生質柴油後削減率分別為10.3、 22.9、40.0 及41.4%,顯示添加不同比例之生質柴油能有效的降低 PAHs濃度。 在排放傳統污染物方面,柴油引擎固定氫氧進氣量為60 L/min 時,添加不同比例生質柴油之CO、THC及排放因子會隨著生質柴油 添加量增加而降低;反之,CO2、NOx及PM排放因子會隨著生質柴油 添加量增加而上升。 在PAHs年排放量方面,PDF及添加生質柴油B5、B10、B20 及B30 之總PAHs年排放量,分別為140.05、126.92、105.21、81.97 及79.86 tons/year,添加生質柴油後總PAHs之年排放量下降,可知添加生質柴 油可有效的降低PAHs的年排放量。而在BaPeq之年排放量上,PDF及 添加不同比例之生質柴油之年排放量分別為5.88、5.62、3.50、3.03 及2.83 tons/year,可知生質柴油可降低BaPeq之年排放量。 |
Abstract |
This study investigated emission characteristics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and reductions of regulated harmful matters using Premium diesel fuel (PDF), mixed with a 60 L/min flow rate of H2/O2 mixture and blended with biodiesel 5% (B5), 10% (B10), 20% (B20), and 30% (B30). The diesel engine was operated at steady-state condition of 1,600 rpm, with torque and power outputs of 145 Nm and 24.5 kW, respectively. Measured results show that the emission concentrations of total PAHs were 22.42, 20.11, 17.28, 13.45, and 13.13 μg/m3 for B0, B5, B10, B20, and B30, respectively, with corresponding emission factors of total PAHs being 1334.53, 1198.82, 986.05, 771.93, and 748.82 μg/bhp-hr, and reductions of total PAHs being 10.3, 22.9, 40.0, and 41.4%. The results indicated that using biodiesel can reduce PAH emissions. However, the emission factors of carbon monoxide (CO) and total hydrocarbons (THC) were decreased by adding biodiesel, but those of carbon dioxides (CO2), nitrogen dioxides (NOx), and particulate matter (PM) were increased. Annual emissions of total PAHs were estimated to be 140.05, 126.92, 105.21, 81.97, and 79.86 ton/year for B0, B5, B10, B20 and B30, respectively, decreasing with increasing biodiesel. Also, the corresponding annual emissions of BaPeq were 5.88, 5.62, 3.50, 3.03, and 2.83 ton/year, respectively. |
目次 Table of Contents |
謝誌 i 摘要 ii Abstract iii 目錄 iv 圖次 vii 表次 ix 第一章 前言 1 1.1 研究緣起 1 1.2 研究目標 2 第二章 文獻回顧 3 2.1多環芳香烴化合物 3 2.1.1 多環芳香烴化合物之特性 3 2.1.2 PAHs之危害 7 2.1.3 PAHs之來源 11 2.2 柴油引擎及排放特徵 16 2.2.1 柴油引擎原理 16 2.2.2 柴油引擎排放傳統污染物之特徵 19 2.2.3. 移動性污染源排放PAHs之特徵 21 2.3能源概況 22 2.3.1 能源近況 22 2.3.2 生質柴油之發展 23 2.3.3 生質柴油特性 24 2.3.4 生質柴油製造與方法 26 2.4 生質柴油引擎污染物之排放 29 2.5 氫氧氣之特徵 32 2.5.1 氫能之發展 32 2.5.2 氫氣的性質 33 2.5.3 氫氣的製備 35 第三章 研究方法與步驟 37 3.1 研究架構與流程 37 3.2 現場採樣 38 3.3 採樣方法與設備 39 3.3.1 柴油引擎 39 3.3.2 氫氧機 39 3.3.3 生質柴油 40 3.3.4 三相電力分析儀 40 3.3.5 PAHs採樣 41 3.3.6 排氣取樣設備 42 3.3.7 樣品分析 43 3.4 多環芳香烴化合物分析之品質保證與品質控制 47 3.4.1 空白試驗 47 3.4.2 檢量線之配置 48 3.4.3 方法偵測極限 55 3.4.4 準確度 55 3.4.5 精密度 56 第四章 結果與討論 60 4.1 柴油引擎固定氫氧進氣量為60 L/min時,添加不同比例生 質柴油對引擎性能之影響 60 4.1.1 制動熱效率 60 4.1.2 制動單位燃料消耗率 62 4.2 柴油引擎固定氫氧進氣量為60 L/min時,添加不同比例生 質柴油對傳統污染物之排放特徵 64 4.2.1 總碳氫化合物(THC) 65 4.2.2 氮氧化物(NOx) 67 4.2.3 一氧化碳(CO) 69 4.2.4 二氧化碳(CO2) 71 4.2.5 懸浮微粒(PM) 73 4.3 柴油引擎固定氫氧進氣量為60 L/min時,添加不同比例生 質柴油對PAHs之排放特徵 75 4.3.1 PAHs之排放濃度 75 4.3.2 PAHs排放係數 85 4.3.3 柴油引擎廢氣中PAHs之毒性當量係數 94 4.4 PAHs年排放量推估 100 4.5 柴油引擎添加生質柴油之PAHs相關文獻 107 第五章 結論與建議 112 5.1 結論 112 5.2 建議 114 參考文獻 ..115 附錄A ..130 作者簡歷 ..131   圖次 圖2-1 四行程柴油引擎工作原理 18 圖2-2 烷基酯類之結構式 25 圖2-3 氫氧電解系統流程圖 35 圖3-1 研究架構流程圖 37 圖3-2 重型柴油引擎實驗室 38 圖3-3 玻璃套筒裝填示意圖 42 圖3-4 重型柴油引擎煙道廢氣採樣分析設備圖 43 圖3-5 氣相層析儀升溫程式示意圖 47 圖4-1 添加不同比例生質柴油之制動熱效率(純柴油及生質柴油為燃料) 62 圖4-2 添加不同比例生質柴油之制動單位燃料消耗率(g/bhp-hr) 63 圖4-3 添加不同比例生質柴油之制動單位燃料消耗率(g/kWh) 64 圖4-4 添加不同比例生質柴油之THC排放係數 66 圖4-5 添加不同比例生質柴油之THC排放係數 66 圖4-6 添加不同比例生質柴油之THC排放減量 67 圖4-7 添加不同比例生質柴油之NOx排放係數 68 圖4-8 添加不同比例生質柴油之NOx排放係數 68 圖4-9 添加不同比例生質柴油之NOx增加率 69 圖4-10 添加不同比例生質柴油之CO排放係數 70 圖4-11 添加不同比例生質柴油之CO排放係數 70 圖4-12 添加不同比例生質柴油之CO排放減量 71 圖4-13 添加不同比例生質柴油之CO2排放係數 72 圖4-14 添加不同比例生質柴油之CO2排放係數 72 圖4-15 添加不同比例生質柴油之CO2增加率 73 圖4-16 添加不同生質柴油之PM排放係數 74 圖4-17 添加不同比例生質柴油之PM排放係數 74 圖4-18 添加不同比例生質柴油之PM增加率 75 圖4-19 添加不同比例生質柴油之Total PAHs濃度 78 圖4-20 添加不同比例生質柴油之LMW-PAHs濃度 79 圖4-21 添加不同比例生質柴油之MMW-PAHs濃度 80 圖4-22 添加不同比例生質柴油之HMW-PAHs濃度 81 圖4-23 添加不同比例生質柴油之各分子量PAHs排放減量 82 圖4-24 添加不同比例生質柴油之總PAHs排放係數 88 圖4-25 添加不同比例生質柴油之LMW-PAHs排放係數 88 圖4-26 添加不同比例生質柴油之MMW-PAHs排放係數 89 圖4-27 添加不同比例生質柴油之HMW-PAHs排放係數 89 圖4-28 Total PAHs的排放係數 92 圖4-29 LMW-PAHs的排放係數 92 圖4-30 MMW-PAHs的排放係數 93 圖4-31 HMW-PAHs的排放係數 93 圖4-32 添加不同生質柴油之BaPeq濃度 96 圖4-33 添加不同生質柴油之BaPeq排放係數 96 圖4-34 添加不同生質柴油之BaPeq排放減量 97 圖4-35 BbF+BaP+DBA排放濃度 98 圖4-36 BbF+BaP+DBA排放係數 99 圖4-37 BbF+BaP+DBA排放減量 99 圖4-38 PDF之Total PAHs年排放量 103 圖4-39 LMW-PAHs之年排放量 103 圖4-40 MMW-PAHs之年排放量 104 圖4-41 HMW-PAHs之年排放量 104 圖4-42 BaPeq之年排放量 105 圖4-43 高致癌性物質之年排放量 106   表次 表2-1 21種PAHs之分子量、結構式及物理特性 4 表2-2 PAHs之蒸氣壓於25℃水中之溶解度與親電性反應(Eπ) 6 表2-3 21種PAHs之致癌性 10 表2-4 各污染源所產生的PAHs物種 13 表2-5 台灣能源供需展望 23 表2-6 能源安全度 33 表3-1 重型柴油引擎規格表 39 表3-2 氫氧機規格表 40 表3-3 PAHs標準品之成分及濃度 (Supelco) 49 表3-4 PAHs標準品之成分及濃度 (Dr. Ehrenstorfer) 49 表3-5 21種PAHs標準品原液稀釋成4 ng/mL之GC/MS圖譜積分面積 50 表3-6 21種PAHs標準品原液稀釋成4 ng/mL之GC/MS圖譜積分面積平均值、標準偏差及相對標準偏差 51 表3-7 標準品檢量線 52 表3-8 21種PAHs標準品於GC/MS滯留時間 53 表3-9 21種PAHs標準品GC/MS滯留時間之平均值及標準偏差 54 表3-10 21種PAHs之方法偵測極限值 57 表3-11 21種標準品之回收率 58 表3-12 標準品回收率之精密度及準確度 59 表4-1 添加不同比例生質柴油之PAHs排放濃度 76 表4-2 添加不同比例生質柴油之PAHs排放減量 77 表4-3 PAHs之環數分佈 78 表4-4 添加不同比例生質柴油PAHs濃度占總PAHs濃度之百分 比 84 表4-5 添加不同比例生質柴油之引擎PAHs排放係數 87 表4-6 燃油之PAHs排放係數 91 表4-7 毒性當量係數表 95 表4-8 高致癌性物質(BbF+BaP+DBA)排放濃度及排放係數 98 表4-9 各縣市加油站柴油總銷售量統計 101 表4-10 PAHs之年排放量 102 表4-11 柴油引擎以生質柴油為燃料之PAHs相關文獻 109 |
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