摘　要

本研究利用掃描式電子顯微鏡及埋蠟切片，觀察臺灣菱（Trapa taiwanensis Nakai）花、果及羽裂狀沉水葉的發育。
臺灣菱的花芽單生於葉腋，兩側對稱，花器四數，花萼及雄花器皆為成對發生。首先，左、右二花萼隆起於花芽始原邊緣，遠、近二萼接著隆起，隨後四萼長大並閉合於頂端，基部升起、癒合為萼筒。其內，遠、近二雄花器發生於萼筒基部，與花萼對生，左、右雄花器亦隨之發生；之後，四花瓣同時升起於萼筒基部之萼片交接處。最後，二心皮同時於花芽始原中央升起、癒合。
在發育過程中，花萼外面漸長出許多單一多細胞絹毛，萼片接口下段漸癒合；花瓣膜質，倒披針形；雄蕊漸由輻射對稱的基著藥變為兩側對稱的背著藥，最終變為丁字著藥，具四花粉囊，裂孔縱裂；雌蕊花柱錐狀，子房半下位，子房上端周圍有八邊形之褶皺及指狀突起，柱頭頭狀，上有乳突狀突起。萼筒基部及子房上端之指狀突起尖端具有和葉上表面相同的氣孔。
花謝後，遠、近二萼、雄花器及花瓣凋落，花盤長大為遠、近側扁的果體，子房上端成為果頸，花柱為果冠，左、右花萼為具長刺的肩角，尖端並具倒勾刺。在族群中，肩角呈擬角及無角狀者，乃左、右萼在果實發育初期因外力於不同部位折斷而成，其與種間變異無關。
羽裂沉水葉發生於莖節中柱，浮水葉基部兩側心形托葉的內側上端，側枝自主軸的中柱發生，其中柱為放射狀原生中軸，故應為綠色的羽狀不定根。

Abstra

　　The development of flower, fruit, and submerged leaves in Trapa taiwanensis Nakai (Trapaceae) had been studied by scanning electron microscopy and paraffin method.
The flowers of Trapa taiwanensis are solitary, axillary, bisymmetry, and tetramerous. The sepals and androecium differentiated in pair. At first, two lateral sepal primordia initiate on the border of floral primordium, then the adaxial and abaxial sepal primordia initiated. They grow upword, closed on tip, and fused at base to form calyx cup. In the sunken floral apex, the antisepalous adaxial and abaxial androecium primordia developed at base of calyx cup, and two antisepalous lateral androecium primordia arise next. And then, four alternisepalous petal primordia appeared. finally, two carpel primordia originated in the median of the floral primordium and fused to become syncarpous gynoecium.
To comply with growing flower, the multi-cell uni-sericeous hairs form outside of sepals, and the sepals connected each other at flank. Petal primordia enlarge and becomed the thin, transparent, oblanceolate petals. The androecium primordia grew to become radial basifixed anther first, then dorsifixed anther, and versatile finally. The mature anthers had four pollen sacs, and were logitudinally dehiscent. The gynoecium enlarged and formed upword plicate on the surface of sub-inferior ovary. There were many finger-like protrusions on the plicate. The base of calyx cup inside and the tip of the finger-like protrusions had stomata which are similar to those on upper epidermis of floating leaves.
After blooming, the adaxial and abaxial sepals, androeium, and petals fall off. In the population, individuals without barbed or horn could be found. This situation depended on the destruction levels of lateral sepals.
The dissected submerged leaves differentiated form in the stele of stem where the leaf trace is located. The lateral branches of the so-called submerged leaves developed in the stele of the rachis. The stele of the dissected leaves is actinostelic protostele. These evidences indicated the so-called submerged leaves are truly submerged adventition roots.

目　錄
摘　要--------------I

Abstra--------------II

目　錄--------------IX

圖目錄--------------X

前　言--------------1

材料與方法----------5

觀察結果------------7

討論與結論----------58

參考文獻------------63

參考文獻

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