摘 要

UPFC (Unified Power Flow Controller)是所有FACTS(Flexible AC Transmission Systems)設備中最多元化、功能最完整的電力潮流控制器，近年來，於電力系統中談論裝設UPFC以控制負載潮流，已成為一個熱門話題，尤其以電力自由化市場為甚。UPFC為一高速、低成本之電力電子裝置，可藉其控制原理來改變傳輸線之潮流不至於超出傳輸線物理上下限、減少傳輸損失、增加穩定度、符合契約規定等等，進而達到機組調度的目的。配合控制信號以達到多樣化控制功能，它不但能控制輸電線上的實功與虛功，亦能控制裝置UPFC之匯流排的電壓。

本論文著重於UPFC之潮流靜態模型的建立與應用，首先簡介UPFC之基本功能並利用諾頓等效定理與等效電流注入法，對現有文獻中有關UPFC之等效模型進行改良。提出的UPFC改良模型，可以很容易的加入電流注入法負載模型中，比已有的UPFC模型具有更佳的收斂性。

本文提出應用進化規劃法求解UPFC控制參數最佳解；進化規劃法是一種人工智慧方法，其最佳演算法主要分為四個程序¾複製、突變、競爭及選取，進化過程中是一種機率性的搜尋方式，因此可避免傳統最佳演算法收斂於局部最佳解，而能到達整體最佳解或接近整體最佳解。同時使用了五個匯流排的測試系統與台電系統進行測試與模擬，其程式測試模擬結果之負載潮流解驗證此UPFC新模型不但能控制輸電線上的實功與虛功線路潮流，亦能控制裝置UPFC之匯流排的電壓，更證明出此UPFC新模型的可行性。

The unified power controller (UPFC) is, the most comprehensive device emanated so far from the FACTS (Flexible AC Transmission Systems) initiative. Installation of UPFC to control power flow has become an emerging topic in today’s power industry, especially the deregulated market. By the use of UPFC, a high-speed and low-cost power electronic device, the line flows can be controlled in such a way that thermal limits are kept, losses minimized, stability increased, and contractual requirements fulfilled without violating the economic generation dispatch. To coupe with control signals to attain various control capabilities, it can be used to control both the active and reactive powers and voltage magnitudes altogether.

This thesis aims to study static UPFC models for power flow calculations. Basic operation of UPFC will be briefly reviewed. A new UPFC current-based model is proposed in this paper to improve existing power-based model by using the Norton Equivalent Theorem. The proposed model can be integrated with the ECI power flow model easily. The equivalent relationships between the new model and the traditional model will also be investigated. And the proposed current-based UPFC model will provide better convergent characteristics.

The Evolutionary Programming (EP) method was also proposed in this research to solve the UPFC control parameters to attain a global optimum. EP is an artificial intelligence process including reproduction, mutation, competition, and selection. Being a stochastic method, EP can avoid the local convergence problem and provide a better opportunity to reach the global or near global optimum. Using the test cases of 5-bus and Taipower systems, the test results proves that the new UPFC new model can successfully control active power and reactive power, and voltage magnitudes simultaneously with an effective process and a feasible solution.

目 錄
摘要 I
Abstract III
目錄 V
圖目錄 VII
表目錄 VIII

第一章 緒論 1

1-1 研究背景與動機 1
1-2 論文架構 3
1-3 論文主要貢獻 4

第二章 電流注入為基礎之負載潮流模型 5

2-1 電流注入為基礎的輸電系統負載潮流 5
2-2 具常數亞可比矩陣之負載潮流模型介紹 9
2-3 電壓控制匯流排模型介紹 15

第三章 電流注入觀念之UPFC模型研究 21

3-1 UPFC模型簡介 22
3-2 UPFC模型之等效電路 25
3-2-1 UPFC電壓源為基礎的模型 25
3-2-2 UPFC 之潮流方程式 27
3-2-3 UPFC亞可比矩陣 29
3-3 推導出以電流注入為基礎之UPFC模型 30
3-3-1 模型推導 30
3-3-2 UPFC的電流注入整合模型 33

第四章 進化規劃法之應用 34

4-1 簡介 34
4-2 進化規劃法之原理 35
4-3 進化規劃法與其它隨機搜尋方法之比較 39
4-3-1 進化規劃法與模擬退火法之比較 40
4-3-2 進化規劃法與遺傳演繹法之比較 41
4-4 進化規劃法求解UPFC新模型最佳參數解 43

第五章 整合UPFC之負載潮流程式模擬與測試 46

5-1 測試系統介紹 46
5-2 五個匯流排之負載潮流解 49
5-2-1五個匯流排未放置UPFC之負載潮流解 49
5-2-2五個匯流排放置UPFC之負載潮流解 51
5-3 台電電力系統之負載潮流解 58
5-3-1 台電系統未放置UPFC之負載潮流解 58
5-3-2 台電系統放置UPFC之負載潮流解 59

第六章 結論與未來的研究方向 61

6-1 測試結果討論與結論 61
6-2 未來研究的方向 62


參考文獻 64
附錄 69
圖 目 錄


圖2-1 Bus i、j間的輸電線路模型 7
圖2-2 電流注入法之負載潮流程式流程圖
(未考慮電壓控制匯流排) 14
圖2-3 電流注入法之負載潮流程式流程圖
(考慮電壓控制匯流排) 20
圖3-1 UPFC電路結構 23
圖3-2 UPFC電壓源模型等效電路圖 26
圖3-3 UPFC電壓源模型之電壓源轉換成電流源(I) 31
圖3-4 UPFC電壓源模型之電壓源轉換成電流源(II) 31
圖3-5 UPFC電壓源模型之電壓源轉換成電流源(III) 32
圖4-1 以進化規劃法求解UPFC參數值之流程圖 45
圖5-1 五個匯流排測試系統 47
圖5-2 五個匯流排放置2個UPFC測試系統 47
圖5-3 台電系統簡化單線圖 48
圖5-4 五個匯流排測試系統之負載潮流 50
圖5-5 五個匯流排測試系統置入UPFC之負載潮流
(降低線路潮流) 52
圖5-6 進化規劃法求解UPFC參數解的收斂情形(I) 52
圖5-7 五個匯流排測試系統置入UPFC之負載潮流
(提高線路潮流) 54
圖5-8 進化規劃法求解UPFC參數解的收斂情形(II) 55
圖5-9 五個匯流排測試系統放置兩個UPFC之潮流解 56
圖5-10 進化規劃法求解UPFC參數解的收斂情形(III) 57



表 目 錄


表4-1 各種方法執行100次的結果比較(負載為850MW) 40
表5-1 五個匯流排測試系統之潮流解 50
表5-2 五個匯流排測試系統置入UPFC之潮流解
(降低線路潮流) 51
表5-3 五個匯流排測試系統置入UPFC之潮流解
(提高線路潮流) 53
表5-4 台電系統33匯流排之潮流解(負載改變) 58
表5-5 台電系統未加入UPFC與加入UPFC之潮流解 60

參 考 文 獻

[1] H. Singh, S. Hao and A. Papalexopoulos,“Transmission Congestion Management in Competitive Electricity Markets,” IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol.2, no.6, pp.1294-1301, Aug., 1998
[2] J.D. Finney, H.A. Othman and W.L. Rutz,“Evaluating Transmission Congestion Constraints in System Planning,” IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol.12, no.3, pp.1143-1150, Aug., 1997.
[3] T.T. Lie and W. Deng," Optimal Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) Device Allocation," Journal of Electric Power and Energy Systems, Vol.19, No.2, pp.125-134,1997.
[4] 李延祥，彈性交流系統應用於臺電系統之研討，台電工程月刊 ，November, 1995.
[5] 黃瓊誼，彈性交流輸電系統介紹，台電工程月刊，October, 1996.
[6] 金立明，雙向合約電力調度及彈性交流傳輸系統應用之研究， 國立中山大學電機研究所碩士論文，June, 2000.
[7] G.N. Taranto, L.M.V.G. Pinto and M.V.F. Pereira,“ Representation of FACTS devices in power system economic dispatch ,” IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol.7, No.2, pp.572-576, May,1992.
[8] M. Noroozian and G. Andersson,“ Power flow control by use of controllable series components ,” IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol.8, no.3, pp.1420-1429, July, 1993.
[9] F.D. Galiana, K. Almeida, et.al,“Assessment and control of the impact of FACTS devices on power system performance,” IEEE Trans. on Power Systems, vol.11, no.4, pp.1931-1936, Nov. 1996.

[10] D.J. Gotham and G.T. Heydt,“ Power flow control and power flow studies for systems with FACTS devices,” IEEE Trans. on Power Systems, vol.1, pp.60-65, Feb., 1998.
[11] C R. Fuerte-Esquivel, E. Acha, “Unified Power Flow Controller: A Critical Comparison of Newton-Raphson UPFC Algorithms in Power Flow Studies”, IEE Proceedings. Generation, Transmission & Distribution. Vol. 144, No. 5,September 1997, pp. 437-444.
[12] W. M. Lin and J. H. Teng, “ Distribution Fast-Decoupled State Estimation By Measurement Pairing,” IEE Proc.-Generation, Transmission and Distribution, Vol. 143, No. 1, pp. 43-48, 1996.
[13] W. M. Lin, J. H. Teng, “Current-Based Power Flow Solutions for Distribution Systems”, IEEE ICPST ’94 Conference Beijing, China, pp. 414-418, 1994.
[14] W. M. Lin and J. H. Teng, “Phase-Decoupled Load Flow Method for Radial and Weakly-Mesh Distribution Networks,” IEE Proc.-Generation, Transmission and Distribution, Vol.143, No. 1, pp.39-42, January 1996.
[15] T. H. Chen and J. D. Chang, “Open Wye-Open Delta and open delta-Open Delta Transformer Models for Rigorous Distribution System Analysis,” IEE Proceedings-C, Vol. 139,No. 3, pp. 227-234, 1992.
[16] W. M. Lin, Y. S. Su, H. C. Chin, and J. H. Teng, “Three-Phase Unbalanced Distribution Power Flow Solutions with Minimum Data Preparation”, Accepted by IEEE Power Engineering Society (PE-266-PWRS-0-08-1998), and will be published in IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.

[17] W. M. Lin, J. H. Teng, “Current-Based Power Flow Solutions for Distribution Systems”, IEEE ICPST ’94 Conference Beijing, China, pp. 414-418, 1994.
[18] 詹東昇,“應用以電流為基礎的網路模型於輸電系統電力潮流之研究”碩士論文, 中山大學, 民國八十八年六月.
[19] 林惠民,李奕羲,蘇玉生,詹東昇,"以直角座標系為基礎之配電系統快速解耦負載潮流," 中華民國第十九屆電力研討會, pp.780-784, 1998.
[20] 李奕羲, “利用網路亞可比矩陣之三相不平衡系統短路電流計算,” 碩士論文,國立中山大學電機研究所,民國87年.
[21] A. Nabavi-Niaki, M R. Iravani, “Steady-State and Dynamic Models of Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) for Power System Studies”, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, Vol. 11, No. 4, pp. 1937-1943, November, 1996.
[22] L. Gyugyi, “Unified power flow control concept for flexible AC transmission systems”, IEE Proceedings. Generation, Transmission & Distribution. Vol. 139, No. 4, July 1992, pp. 323-331
[23] M. Rahman, M. Ahmed, R. Gutman, R J. O'Keefe, R J. Nelson, J. Bian,“UPFC Application on the AEP System: Planning Considerations”,IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, Vol. 12, No. 4, pp. 1695-1701,November, 1997.
[24] C. Schauder, E. Stacey, M. Lund, A. Keri, A. Mehraban, A. Edris, L.Gyugyi, L. Kovalsky, “AEP UPFC Project: Installation, Commissioningand Operation of the Plus or Minus 160 MVA STATCOM (Phase I)”, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery. Vol.13, No. 4, pp. 1530-1535, October, 1998.

[25] A. Nabavi-Niaki, M R. Iravani, “Steady-State and Dynamic Models of Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) for Power System Studies”, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, Vol. 11, No. 4, pp. 1937-1943, November, 1996.
[26] M. Noroozian, L. Angquist, M. Ghandhari, and G. Andersson, “Use of UPFC For Optimal Power Flow Control”, IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol. 12, No. 4, October 1997, pp. 1629-1634.
[27] K. L. Lo, T. T. Ma, J. Trecat, M. Crappe, “A novel power flow control concept using ANN based multiple UPFCs scheme”, Proceedings of EMPD’98. 1998 International Conference on Energy Management and Power Delivery, Vol. 2, 1998, pp. 570-575.
[28] W. L. Fang and H. W. Ngan, “Control setting of unified power flow controllers through a robust load flow caculation”, IEE Proceedings. Generation, Transmission & Distribution. Vol. 146, No. 4, July 1999, pp. 365-369.
[29] L.J. Fogel, A.J. Owens and M.J. Walsh, Artificial Intelligence through Simulated Evolution, New York, Wiley, 1966.
[30] N. Metropolis, A.W. Rosebluth, M.N. Teller and E. Teller, “Equation of state calculations by fast computing machines,” J. Chem. Phys. Vol. 21, no. 6, 1953, pp.1087-1092.
[31] J.H. Holland, Adaptation in Natural and Artificial Systems, The University of Michigan Press, 1975.
[32] STAGG, N.G., and EL-ABIAD, H.A：“Computer methods in power system analysis” McGraw-Hill Inc.
[33] 李盛輝、張丁興、朱家齊“UPFC 靜態模型之建立及其應用於電力潮流之計算”中華民國第二十一屆電力工程研討會, pp. 89-93.
[34] 吳嘉興，應用進化規劃法於發電機組經濟調度之研究，碩士論文，國立成功大學，中華民國八十四年六月。
[35] 鄭富升，整合人工智慧解非凸集的經濟調度問題，博士論文，國立中山大學，中華民國九十年五月。